Nonlinear frequency response analysis: a recent review and perspectives

Vidaković‐Koch, Tanja; Miličić, Tamara; Živković, Luka A.; Chan, Hoon Seng; Krewer, Ulrike; Petkovska, Menka

doi:10.1016/j.coelec.2021.100851

Cited by 19 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Figure 4a also highlights the limitation of impedance studies due to the need for linearity-only small ranges of the dynamic system behavior can be studied with EIS measurements and a drastic loss of information about the energy material investigated can be the consequence. [80] The dynamic behavior of electrochemical systems is governed by overpotentials which alter the cell voltage from the equilibrium voltage (open-circuit voltage, or, for single electrodes, open-circuit potential). In general, different contributions to the overall (summary) overpotential η can be differentiated, which all show a specific dependency on the electric current.…”

Section: Nonlinear Electrochemical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[83,84] A detailed overview of different use cases of nonlinear (NL) studies is given elsewhere. [80,84,85] The studies listed here include investigations on corrosion processes, chemical sensing, batteries, fuel cells, and the respective energy materials showing the wide applicability of these methods. In addition to a very diverse range of systems, a wide variety of phenomena can be investigated with nonlinear techniques.…”

Section: Nonlinear Electrochemical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, it could be shown that different properties of energy materials (e.g., diffusion rates or reaction processes) have a traceable influence on the results of NL methods. [80,[89][90][91] A wide range of nonlinear investigations has been carried out in the field of fuel cells. Kadyk et al could link the results of nonlinear measurements, conducted at proton-exchange membrane fuel cells, to different system failures.…”

Section: Nonlinear Electrochemical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For both experimental designs, it is crucial to maintain the system stable over time, as timevariance as well can lead to nonlinear behavior, falsifying the measurement results. [80,98] Especially for the approach shown in Figure 4c, it is not always trivial to satisfy this requirement. For a battery, for instance, the applied DC signal will induce charging or discharging over time.…”

Section: Nonlinear Electrochemical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a consequence, individual filtering or windowing cannot be performed on the experimental output, and also a loss of information cannot be ruled out. [80] When using DC signals in combination with low AC amplitudes to obtain nonlinearity, individual measurement setups need to be designed by the user including hardware and software. For this approach, to the best of the authors' knowledge, no commercial complete solution is available at the market.…”

Section: Nonlinear Electrochemical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nonlinear Electrochemical Analysis: Worth the Effort to Reveal New Insights into Energy Materials

Schlüter

Novák

Schröder

2022

Advanced Energy Materials

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and the effectiveness and durability of the materials applied, researchers always call for reliable and detailed knowledge of the mechanism(s) of both, main and side reactions, and especially for their kinetics. In order to gain the relevant information, a large number of methods have been proposed to characterize battery materials, battery electrodes and their interfaces, and battery cells. But when samples are taken out of the cells and analyzed later, there is a high risk of both, contamination and changes due to possible relaxation processes, and the challenge is to draw sound conclusions in respect to a "living and breathing" battery cell, i.e., to a cell under current flow (cf. Figure 1). Therefore, the so-called in situ and operando (and often online) methods are preferred. Sometimes they are the only option to collect relevant data to understand and improve materials for energy systems. [5] In many cases, results from different techniques need to be combined to obtain sound conclusions. [6,7] The terminology for the aforementioned methods shifted during the last decade and is not always consistent throughout the literature. Nowadays, the general understanding is as follows: An operando experiment means a characterization experiment in an electrochemical cell (e.g., battery, fuel cell, electrolyzer) under current flow, with either the potential or the current controlled. One of the many examples is the operando neutron powder diffraction, a technique analyzing the changes in the structure of battery materials in "real" battery cells under current flow with the help of neutron diffraction. [9] Another example is the operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiment (normally limited to vacuum-compatible cells with nonvolatile electrolytes) providing information about the changes of the chemical composition of the interfacial species with the potential. [10,11] An in situ experiment is also an experiment in a battery cell, however, the current flow is interrupted when the data are collected. An example here is the in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) experiment in which the cell has to be disconnected for technical reasons during the operation of the detector [7] or the tomography of energy materials by means of neutron or X-ray source. [12,13] Online techniques are understood here as either continuously or periodically analyzed samples that are taken out of the electrochemical cell. A typical example is the online (differential) electrochemical mass spectrometry (often shortened as online electrochemical mass spectrometry (OEMS)/differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS)) analyzing the volatile products of electrochemical reactions with the help of a mass spectrometer by

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Section: Nonlinear Electrochemical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nonlinear Electrochemical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nonlinear Electrochemical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nonlinear Electrochemical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nonlinear Electrochemical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nonlinear Electrochemical Analysis: Worth the Effort to Reveal New Insights into Energy Materials

Schlüter

Novák

Schröder

2022

Advanced Energy Materials

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Multiscale Investigation of Sodium‐Ion Battery Anodes: Analytical Techniques and Applications

Schäfer,

Hankins,

Allion

et al. 2024

Advanced Energy Materials

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The anode/electrolyte interface behavior, and by extension, the overall cell performance of sodium‐ion batteries is determined by a complex interaction of processes that occur at all components of the electrochemical cell across a wide range of size‐ and timescales. Single‐scale studies may provide incomplete insights, as they cannot capture the full picture of this complex and intertwined behavior. Broad, multiscale studies are essential to elucidate these processes. Within this perspectives article, several analytical and theoretical techniques are introduced, and described how they can be combined to provide a more complete and comprehensive understanding of sodium‐ion battery (SIB) performance throughout its lifetime, with a special focus on the interfaces of hard carbon anodes. These methods target various length‐ and time scales, ranging from micro to nano, from cell level to atomistic structures, and account for a broad spectrum of physical and (electro)chemical characteristics. Specifically, how mass spectrometric, microscopic, spectroscopic, electrochemical, thermodynamic, and physical methods can be employed to obtain the various types of information required to understand battery behavior will be explored. Ways are then discussed how these methods can be coupled together in order to elucidate the multiscale phenomena at the anode interface and develop a holistic understanding of their relationship to overall sodium‐ion battery function.

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Nonlinear Frequency Response Analysis of Distributed Parameter Systems with One Spatial Coordinate

Živković,

Petkovska

2024

Chemie Ingenieur Technik

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The objective of this paper is to investigate possible strategies for applying nonlinear frequency response (NFR) analysis based on the concept of higher‐order frequency response functions to distributed parameter systems. Three approaches are presented and compared: one based on applying the existing procedure directly to the partial differential model, and two based on approximation of the distributed parameter system with a series of lumped parameter segments. One of them treats the complete series of segments integrally, while the other treats it segment by segment, so it uses only the model of a single segment. A simple example, an isothermal plug‐flow reactor with a simple reaction mechanism, is used as a case study. Pros and cons for all three approaches are given.

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Nonlinear frequency response analysis: a recent review and perspectives

Cited by 19 publications

References 38 publications

Nonlinear Electrochemical Analysis: Worth the Effort to Reveal New Insights into Energy Materials

Nonlinear Electrochemical Analysis: Worth the Effort to Reveal New Insights into Energy Materials

Multiscale Investigation of Sodium‐Ion Battery Anodes: Analytical Techniques and Applications

Nonlinear Frequency Response Analysis of Distributed Parameter Systems with One Spatial Coordinate

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