Nonlinear Magneto-optic Effects with Ultranarrow Widths

Budker, Dmitry; Yashchuk, Valeriy V.; Zolotorev, M.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.81.5788

Cited by 236 publications

(220 citation statements)

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“…For example, when a magnetic field is applied along the direction of light propagation, there is light-power-dependent rotation of the polarization plane known as nonlinear magneto-optical (Faraday) rotation (NMOR). Recently [1], we observed ultra-narrow (∼ 1 Hz) zero-field resonances in NMOR with rubidium atoms contained in vapor cells with high-quality anti-relaxation coating [2]. These resonances arise due to preservation of atomic polarization over thousands of collisions with the walls of the cell.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the most successful polarimetric techniques always involve some type of fast modulation. In our previous work [1,3], we used polarization-modulation polarimetry, where in addition to the vapor cell under investigation, a Faraday rotator is inserted between the crossed polarizer and analyzer. The Faraday rotator modulates the polarization direction at a frequency of ∼ 1 kHz, and the rotation angle is determined by measuring the first harmonic of the signal from a photodetector in the dark output of the analyzer.…”

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Nonlinear magneto-optical rotation with frequency-modulated light

et al. 2002

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A magnetometric technique is demonstrated that may be suitable for precision measurements of fields ranging from the sub-microgauss level to above the Earth field. It is based on resonant nonlinear magneto-optical rotation caused by atoms contained in a vapor cell with anti-relaxation wall coating. Linearly polarized, frequency-modulated laser light is used for optical pumping and probing. If the time-dependent optical rotation is measured at the first harmonic of the modulation frequency, ultra-narrow (∼ a few Hz) resonances are observed at near-zero magnetic fields, and at fields where the Larmor frequency coincides with half the light modulation frequency. Upon optimization, the sensitivity of the technique is expected to exceed 10 −11 G/ √ Hz.When light near-resonant to an atomic transition propagates through an atomic medium immersed in a magnetic field, the light polarization can be affected. For example, when a magnetic field is applied along the direction of light propagation, there is light-power-dependent rotation of the polarization plane known as nonlinear magneto-optical (Faraday) rotation (NMOR). Recently [1], we observed ultra-narrow (∼ 1 Hz) zero-field resonances in NMOR with rubidium atoms contained in vapor cells with high-quality anti-relaxation coating [2]. These resonances arise due to preservation of atomic polarization over thousands of collisions with the walls of the cell. The sensitivity of an NMOR-based magnetometer for sub-microgauss fields could, in principle, exceed 10 −11 G/ √ Hz [3], approaching the fundamental shot-noise limit (given the number of atoms in the cell and the polarization relaxation rate). In the present work, we describe a new technique that involves both inducing and measuring NMOR with a single frequencymodulated light beam. Additional ultra-narrow resonances are observed when the light modulation frequency coincides with twice the Larmor frequency, 2Ω L (and also with Ω L , etc.), the use of which can extend the dynamic range of an NMOR-based magnetometer to above the Earth field range (∼ 1 G) of interest in many applications.The high sensitivity of NMOR magnetometry is based in part on the ability of the polarimeter to measure small optical rotation angles. The sensitivity of polarimeters without modulation is limited by low-frequency noise. Therefore, the most successful polarimetric techniques always involve some type of fast modulation. In our previous work [1, 3], we used polarization-modulation polarimetry, where in addition to the vapor cell under investigation, a Faraday rotator is inserted between the crossed polarizer and analyzer. The Faraday rotator modulates the polarization direction at a frequency of ∼ 1 kHz, and the rotation angle is determined by measuring the first harmonic of the signal from a photodetector in the dark output of the analyzer. Such a method allows detection of signals at high frequencies, eliminating sensitivity to excess low-frequency noise. However, the polarization modulation technique has a number of shortcomings. Important...

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Nonlinear magneto-optical rotation with frequency-modulated light

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“…3 [1,12]. This is done by fitting the amplitude as a function of magnetic field to a dispersive lineshape to determine the width at a given light power.…”

Section: Results For Zeeman Relaxation Ratesmentioning

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Nonlinear magneto-optical rotation and Zeeman and hyperfine relaxation of potassium atoms in a paraffin-coated cell

et al. 2006

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Nonlinear magneto-optical Faraday rotation (NMOR) on the potassium D1 and D2 lines was used to study Zeeman relaxation rates in an antirelaxation paraffin-coated 3-cm diameter potassium vapor cell. Intrinsic Zeeman relaxation rates of γ NM OR /2π = 2.0(6) Hz were observed. The relatively small hyperfine intervals in potassium lead to significant differences in NMOR in potassium compared to rubidium and cesium. Using laser optical pumping, widths and frequency shifts were also determined for transitions between ground-state hyperfine sublevels of 39 K atoms contained in the same paraffincoated cell. The intrinsic hyperfine relaxation rate of γ hf expt /2π = 10.6(7) Hz and a shift of −9.1(2) Hz were observed. These results show that adiabatic relaxation gives only a small contribution to the overall hyperfine relaxation in the case of potassium, and the relaxation is dominated by other mechanisms similar to those observed in previous studies with rubidium.

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“…The lifetime of this coherence time can be ~ 1 second in a paraffin coated Rb vapor cell 30,31 . The spatio-temporal correlation process must be carried out within this time window.…”

Section: Memory Time Of the Atomic Mediamentioning

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“…Using a simple variation of the technique described in ref. 31, the inner walls of the pores in the PG can be coated with paraffin in order to ensure that the Rb vapor does not lose coherence when they collide with the walls of the pores 30,31 .…”

Section: Implementing Aer Employing a Vapor Cell A Holographic Videomentioning

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All optical three dimensional spatio-temporal correlator for automatic event recognition using a multiphoton atomic system

Monjur

Fouda

Shahriar

2016

Optics Communications

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We describe an automatic event recognition (AER) system based on a three-dimensional spatio-temporal correlator (STC) that combines the techniques of holographic correlation and photon echo based temporal pattern recognition. The STC is shift invariant in space and time. It can be used to recognize rapidly an event (e.g., a short video clip) that may be present in a large video file, and determine the temporal location of the event. Using polar Mellin transform, it is possible to realize an STC that is also scale and rotation invariant spatially. Numerical simulation results of such a system are presented using quantum mechanical equations of evolution. For this simulation we have used the model of an idealized, decay-free two level system of atoms with an inhomogeneous broadening that is larger than the inverse of the temporal resolution of the data stream. We show how such a system can be realized by using a lambda-type three level system in atomic vapor, via adiabatic elimination of the intermediate state. We have also developed analytically a three dimensional transfer function of the system, and shown that it agrees closely with the results obtained via explicit simulation of the atomic response. The analytical transfer function can be used to determine the response of an STC very rapidly. In addition to the correlation signal, other nonlinear terms appear in the explicit numerical model. These terms are also verified by the analytical model. We describe how the AER can be operated in a manner such that the correlation signal remains unaffected by the additional nonlinear terms. We also show how such a practical STC can be realized using a combination of a porous-glass based Rb vapor cell, a holographic video disc, and a lithium niobate crystal.

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Nonlinear Magneto-optic Effects with Ultranarrow Widths

Cited by 236 publications

References 12 publications

Nonlinear magneto-optical rotation with frequency-modulated light

Nonlinear magneto-optical rotation with frequency-modulated light

Nonlinear magneto-optical rotation and Zeeman and hyperfine relaxation of potassium atoms in a paraffin-coated cell

All optical three dimensional spatio-temporal correlator for automatic event recognition using a multiphoton atomic system

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