“…The continuity of such discretizations is not preserved at patch interfaces and needs to be restored, see Paul et al 12 for a recent review on patch enforcement techniques in isogeometric analysis. Isogeometric analysis has been used within several shell and membrane applications, such as laminated composite shells, 13,14 anisotropic shells, 15,16 shape optimization of shells, 17,18 liquid membranes, 19,20 biological tissues, 21,22 topology optimization of shells, 23,24 shell fracture, 25,26 lipid bilayers, 27,28 2D materials, 29,30 shell elastoplasticity, 31,32 inverse analysis of shells, 33,34 Cahn-Hilliard phase separations on deforming surfaces, 35,36 adaptive surface refinement, 37,38 and fiber-reinforced shells. 39,40 The rigorous treatment of linear viscoelasticity dates back to the works by Coleman and Noll 41 and Crochet and Naghdi.…”