Nonlinear perception of infrared radiation in the 800–1355 nm range with human eye

Dmitriev, Valentin G; Emel’yanov, V. N.; Kashintsev, M A; Kulikov, V. V.; Соловьев, А. А.; Stel'Makh, M. F.; Cherednichenko, O. B.

doi:10.1070/qe1979v009n04abeh008913

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Our optical methodology was a modification of that presented by Dmitriev et al (9). However, compared with these early studies, measurement points in our study did not fall on the double-frequency line.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 48%

“…They proposed that relative spectral sensitivity declines monotonically toward longer wavelengths to below the 10 −12 level at 1,050 nm compared with its peak at 505 nm (7). With more advanced sources of IR light, it was found that rods and cones of the retina could respond to radiation at wavelengths of as long as 1,355 nm (6,(8)(9)(10). Suggested mechanisms included second harmonic generation (SHG) (11) in the eye, fluorescence, and two-photon (2PO) absorption (12) in the retina.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Human infrared vision is triggered by two-photon chromophore isomerization

Palczewska

Vinberg

Stremplewski

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Vision relies on photoactivation of visual pigments in rod and cone photoreceptor cells of the retina. The human eye structure and the absorption spectra of pigments limit our visual perception of light. Our visual perception is most responsive to stimulating light in the 400-to 720-nm (visible) range. First, we demonstrate by psychophysical experiments that humans can perceive infrared laser emission as visible light. Moreover, we show that mammalian photoreceptors can be directly activated by near infrared light with a sensitivity that paradoxically increases at wavelengths above 900 nm, and display quadratic dependence on laser power, indicating a nonlinear optical process. Biochemical experiments with rhodopsin, cone visual pigments, and a chromophore model compound 11-cis-retinyl-propylamine Schiff base demonstrate the direct isomerization of visual chromophore by a two-photon chromophore isomerization. Indeed, quantum mechanics modeling indicates the feasibility of this mechanism. Together, these findings clearly show that human visual perception of near infrared light occurs by twophoton isomerization of visual pigments.visual pigment | two-photon absorption | rhodopsin | transretinal electrophysiology | multiscale modeling H uman vision is generally believed to be restricted to a visible light range, although >50% of the sun's radiation energy that reaches earth is in the infrared (IR) range (1). Human rod and cone visual pigments with the 11-cis-retinylidene chromophore absorb in the visible range, with absorption monotonically declining from their maxima of 430-560 nm toward longer wavelengths. The spectral sensitivity of human dim light perception matches well with the absorption spectrum of the rod visual pigment, rhodopsin (2, 3). Activation of visual pigments is temperature independent around their absorption peaks (λ max ), but at longer wavelengths, the lower energy photons must be supplemented by heat to achieve chromophore photoisomerization (4). Long wavelength-sensitive visual pigments of vertebrates exhibit maximal absorption at the ∼500-to ∼625-nm range. Pigments with λ max > 700 nm are theoretically possible, but the high noise due to spontaneous thermal activation would render them impractical (5). At human body temperature and with 1,050-nm stimulation, the sensitivity of the peripheral retina to one-photon (1PO) stimulation is less than 10 −12 of its maximum value at 505 nm (4, 6). Indeed, reports about human IR vision can be found in the literature, although they are fragmentary and do not describe the mechanism of this phenomenon.With the invention of radar during World War II, it was immediately questioned if pilots could detect high intensity radiation in the IR range of the spectrum. Wald and colleagues reported that at wavelengths above 800 nm, rod photoreceptors become more sensitive than cones, resulting in perception of IR signals as white light selectively in the peripheral retina (6). They proposed that relative spectral sensitivity declines monotonically toward longer wavele...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 48%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human infrared vision is triggered by two-photon chromophore isomerization

Palczewska

Vinberg

Stremplewski

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Studies on infrared laser radiation in human vision have examined the foveal sensitivity to nearinfrared wavelengths of 1.0 and 1.05 µm 27) and 0.8-1.55 µm 28) . It has been demonstrated that human nearinfrared vision is triggered by twophoton chromophore isomerization, including secondharmonic generation in the eye 4,29) .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mid-Infrared Free-Electron Laser-Evoked Discharge of Crayfish Compound Eyes

Shishikura

Zen

Hayakawa

et al. 2018

Nichidai Igaku Zasshi

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Infrared radiation at short wavelengths, in particular near and midinfrared, are valuable probes for investigat ing mutual reactions between light and molecules in living organisms. However, it remains controversial as to whether animals can see mid-infrared (3-30 µm) radiation. To investigate the ability of crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) compound eyes to detect midinfrared radiation, we used a freeelectron laser (FEL) as a light source. We found that the crayfish compound eye can respond to pulsed mid-infrared (3-17 µm) radiation from the FEL, which may be a novel mid-infrared response in the animals visual organ. These findings present positive evidence to resolve the longrunning question about whether the vision organs in P. clarkii are responsive to midinfrared radiation. This study opens new avenues of research, such as investigating how and when crayfish uses electrical signals evoked by midinfrared radiation in their behavior.

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“…In 1947, the limit of eye sensitivity was thought to be 1150 or 1200 nm 1 ; well beyond the visible range that ends at about 700 nm. 2 The boundary was pushed even further to 1350 nm 3 and 1500 nm 4 with the inven-tion of an Nd:YAG laser. Although the perception of light at approximately 1050 nm was first reported as colorless when the source was a tungsten lamp, 1 later when the lamp was replaced with a pulsed laser source, it appeared green to many observers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[4][5][6] However, a recent study has shown that the color vision results from two-photon absorption and photoisomerization of visual pigment in the retina, and no direct evidence of second-harmonic generation was found in that study. 7 Given that a different nonlinear process guides the color perception of pulsed IR laser light, 3,4,7 there is conjecture that this technology might provide a diagnostic tool that measures a new visual-function parameter. We aimed to test the feasibility of IR-light sensitivity measurements in a clinical setting and establish the range of IR threshold in a healthy population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Application of Infrared-Light Microperimetry in the Assessment of Scotopic-Eye Sensitivity

Łabuz

Rayamajhi

Usinger

et al. 2020

Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech.

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The eye can see pulsed near-infrared (IR) radiation with the color corresponding to half of the wavelength used. Until recently, the technology required for measuring IR vision was confined to optical laboratories and was not studied clinically. The current investigation sought to determine the values for IR thresholds in a healthy population. Methods: IR-light threshold was measured in 45 healthy participants, aged from 21 to 70 years. Ten patients with retinal pathology were included for comparison. Ocular media clarity was assessed with a straylight parameter. The sensitivity of dark-adapted eyes (expressed on a 0-26 dB scale) were tested using an IR microperimeter. The device consists of a femtosecond laser that emits 1045 nm light to project a stimulus at the retina. Results: All participants were able to see the IR stimulus, which they perceived as green, and all performed the test. Measurements at seven locations revealed lower sensitivity at the fovea (15.5 dB) than in paracentral regions (18.2 dB). We noted a significant straylight increase with age. Although, in our study population, it was only a slight,-0.18 dB decline per decade of the average IR-sensitivity. The retinal-pathology group demonstrated impaired sensitivity to IR light. Conclusions: We showed that IR-light sensitivity does not significantly decrease with age despite a straylight increase. A reference level for the IR threshold was proposed. The application of IR-light microperimetry can be extended to the assessment of retinal pathology.

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Nonlinear perception of infrared radiation in the 800–1355 nm range with human eye

Cited by 20 publications

References 7 publications

Human infrared vision is triggered by two-photon chromophore isomerization

Human infrared vision is triggered by two-photon chromophore isomerization

Mid-Infrared Free-Electron Laser-Evoked Discharge of Crayfish Compound Eyes

Clinical Application of Infrared-Light Microperimetry in the Assessment of Scotopic-Eye Sensitivity

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