Nonlinear phenomena in contemporary vocal music

Neubauer, J.; Edgerton, Michael; Herzel, Hanspeter

doi:10.1016/s0892-1997(03)00073-0

Cited by 42 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…However, several arguments speak in favour of a faithful duplication of natural vocalization conditions: (1) the laryngeal configuration was created in the only way possible to easily induce phonation in our excised larynx; (2) similar adductory gestures to the ones we used in the excised larynx experiments have been documented in humans; and (3) the acoustic output of the excised larynx was closely comparable to sounds captured from in vivo vocalizations, with fundamental frequencies that were well within the range of those reported for the 'rumble' call type (Poole et al, 1988;Langbauer, 2000;Herbst et al, 2012;Stoeger et al, 2012). The mammalian larynx is a non-linear system capable of exhibiting a wide range of vibratory behaviour, such as periodic vibration, subharmonics and deterministic chaos (Titze et al, 1993a;Herzel et al, 1995;Behrman and Baken, 1997;Fitch et al, 2002;Neubauer et al, 2004;Jiang et al, 2006). In such a system, small changes of boundary conditions can lead to fundamentally different oscillation patterns (Berry et al, 1996;Svec et al, 1999;Tokuda et al, 2008;Herbst et al, 2013).…”

Section: Physiological Relevancesupporting

confidence: 53%

Complex vibratory patterns in an elephant larynx

Švec

Lohscheller

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYElephants' low-frequency vocalizations are produced by flow-induced self-sustaining oscillations of laryngeal tissue. To date, little is known in detail about the vibratory phenomena in the elephant larynx. Here, we provide a first descriptive report of the complex oscillatory features found in the excised larynx of a 25year old female African elephant (Loxodonta africana), the largest animal sound generator ever studied experimentally. Sound production was documented with high-speed video, acoustic measurements, air flow and sound pressure level recordings. The anatomy of the larynx was studied with computed tomography (CT) and dissections. Elephant CT vocal anatomy data were further compared with the anatomy of an adult human male. We observed numerous unusual phenomena, not typically reported in human vocal fold vibrations. Phase delays along both the inferior-superior and anterior-posterior (A-P) dimension were commonly observed, as well as transverse travelling wave patterns along the A-P dimension, previously not documented in the literature. Acoustic energy was mainly created during the instant of glottal opening. The vestibular folds, when adducted, participated in tissue vibration, effectively increasing the generated sound pressure level by 12dB. The complexity of the observed phenomena is partly attributed to the distinct laryngeal anatomy of the elephant larynx, which is not simply a large-scale version of its human counterpart. Travelling waves may be facilitated by low fundamental frequencies and increased vocal fold tension. A travelling wave model is proposed, to account for three types of phenomena: A-P travelling waves, 'conventional' standing wave patterns, and irregular vocal fold vibration. Supplementary material available online at

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Section: Physiological Relevancesupporting

confidence: 53%

Complex vibratory patterns in an elephant larynx

Švec

Lohscheller

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…We identified biphonation (Neubauer et al, 2004) in all of the analysed bugles, irrespective of the subspecies and genetic profile of the four stag exemplars. Biphonation also appears to be present in the published spectrograms of 'aggressive' male bugles as well as both 'non-aggressive' and 'aggressive' female bugles recorded from free-ranging wapitis in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA (see figs 2 and 3 from Feighny et al, 2006).…”

Section: Biphonationmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Nevertheless, because the simultaneous production of low-and high-frequency components by decoupled oscillations of a single anatomical entity, the vocal folds, is highly improbable, we suggest that laryngeal vocal fold oscillation is unlikely to explain the production of both of these spectral features. Instead, a more likely explanation is that the laryngeal vocal folds produce F0, whereas G0 is achieved either by an additional biomechanic source oscillating at a different frequency (Neubauer et al, 2004) or by an aerodynamic source.…”

Section: The High-pitch Whistle Is Inconsistent With Laryngeal Vocal mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of biphonation and source–filter interactions in the bugles of male North American wapiti (Cervus canadensis)

Reby

Wyman

Frey

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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With an average male body mass of 320 kg, the wapiti, Cervus canadensis, is the largest extant species of Old World deer (Cervinae). Despite this large body size, male wapiti produce whistlelike sexual calls called bugles characterised by an extremely high fundamental frequency. Investigations of the biometry and physiology of the male wapiti's relatively large larynx have so far failed to account for the production of such a high fundamental frequency. Our examination of spectrograms of male bugles suggested that the complex harmonic structure is best explained by a dual-source model (biphonation), with one source oscillating at a mean of 145 Hz (F0) and the other oscillating independently at an average of 1426 Hz (G0). A combination of anatomical investigations and acoustical modelling indicated that the F0 of male bugles is consistent with the vocal fold dimensions reported in this species, whereas the secondary, much higher source at G0 is more consistent with an aerodynamic whistle produced as air flows rapidly through a narrow supraglottic constriction. We also report a possible interaction between the higher frequency G0 and vocal tract resonances, as G0 transiently locks onto individual formants as the vocal tract is extended. We speculate that male wapiti have evolved such a dualsource phonation to advertise body size at close range (with a relatively low-frequency F0 providing a dense spectrum to highlight size-related information contained in formants) while simultaneously advertising their presence over greater distances using the very highamplitude G0 whistle component.

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“…15 Zangger Borch et al found aperiodic vibration in the supraglottal mucosa of distorted singing, a loud tone produced primarily in rock music, 3 and Neubauer et al detected various forms of nonlinear phenomena in modern contemporary singing. 16 These investigations into the singing voice suggest that nonlinear phenomena are found in the singing voices of healthy individuals and that such phenomena are present in a range depending on the style of singing being performed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perturbation and Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Different Singing Styles

2009

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Previous research has used perturbation analysis methods to study the singing voice. Using perturbation and nonlinear dynamic analysis (NDA) methods in conjunction may provide more accurate information on the singing voice and may distinguish vocal usage in different styles. Acoustic samples from different styles of singing were compared using nonlinear dynamic and perturbation measures. Twenty-six songs from different musical styles were obtained from an online music database (Rhapsody, RealNetworks, Inc., Seattle, WA). One-second samples were selected from each song for analysis. Perturbation analyses of jitter, shimmer, and signal-to-noise ratio and NDA of correlation dimension (D(2)) were performed on samples from each singing style. Percent jitter and shimmer median values were low normal for country (0.32% and 3.82%), musical theater (MT) (0.280% and 2.80%), jazz (0.440% and 2.34%), and soul (0.430% and 6.42%). The popular style had slightly higher median jitter and shimmer values (1.13% and 6.78%) than other singing styles, although this was not statistically significant. The opera singing style had median jitter of 0.520%, and yielded significantly high shimmer (P=0.001) of 7.72%. All six singing styles were measured reliably using NDA, indicating that operatic singing is notably more chaotic than other singing styles. Median correlation dimension values were low to normal, compared to healthy voices, in country (median D(2)=2.14), jazz (median D(2)=2.24), pop (median D(2)=2.60), MT (median D(2)=2.73), and soul (mean D(2)=3.26). Correlation dimension was significantly higher in opera (P<0.001) with median D(2)=6.19. In this study, acoustic analysis in opera singing gave significantly high values for shimmer and D(2), suggesting that it is more irregular than other singing styles; a previously unknown quality of opera singing. Perturbation analysis also suggested significant differences in vocal output in different singing styles. This preliminary study using acoustic analysis with nonlinear dynamic measures and perturbation measures may represent a valuable procedure in quantitatively describing the properties of the singing voice. Further research with human test subjects may allow us to characterize singing styles and diagnose vocal dysfunction in the singing voice.

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Nonlinear phenomena in contemporary vocal music

Cited by 42 publications

References 35 publications

Complex vibratory patterns in an elephant larynx

Complex vibratory patterns in an elephant larynx

Evidence of biphonation and source–filter interactions in the bugles of male North American wapiti (Cervus canadensis)

Perturbation and Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Different Singing Styles

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