“…Internationally-segmented stock markets, on the other hand, enable portfolio managers to diversify and take advantage of the differences in the various markets (Graham et al, 2012). Market integration related studies have looked at specific events such as financial crises (Chevapatrakul & Tee, 2014;Răileanu-Szeles & Albu, 2015), the European Union (or Euro monetary union) implementation (Christiansen, 2014;Ogrokhina, 2015), political crises (Frijns, Tourani-Rad & Indriawan, 2012), and air crashes (Ho, Qiu & Tang, 2013), but it remains an open question as to whether these unexpected crises will weaken or strengthen the long-run relationship in aggregate stock price indices within an integrated market. For example, Yu, Fung, and Tam (2010) show that the equity market integration process of A.S.E.A.N.+3 (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries picked up in 2007-2008, while Wang (2014 identifies that the global financial crisis has strengthened the linkages among stock markets in East Asia, signifying that time-varying long-run relationships exist among these countries.…”