Nonmetallics applications in oil and gas production (pipes, liners, rehabilitations)

Esaklul, Khlefa A.; Mason, Jim

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-101105-8.00027-9

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…It is appropriate for use in hydrocarbons within the temperature range of 45 °C to 60 °C. However, in the presence of hydrocarbons, they tend to swell and lose their strength [ 5 , 82 ].…”

Section: Use Of Non-metallic Pipe (Nmp)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“… PA12 was installed, and its performance checked after one year; permeation rates are not critical. 2017 Nonmetallics applications in oil and gas production (pipes, liners, rehabilitations), in Trends in Oil and Gas Corrosion Research and Technologies [ 5 ] CO 2 cracking, Thermal aging A 3-inch RTP line with Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) liner operating at 8 bar and 95 °C contains the produced fluid with high CO 2 (47mol %), 5ppm H 2 S, and 97% water cut. It failed after two years in service due to cracking caused by the high CO 2 content, high temperature, and the manufacturing anomalies acting as stress concentrators.…”

Section: Table A1mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NMP has the advantage of low weight and better corrosion resistance as compared to metals. However, the possibility of permeation under high temperature-pressure, hydrocarbons, and acidic gases limits the application [ 5 ]. Thus, the systematic evaluation of possible degradation mechanisms and phases is critical for the successful use of NMP materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Permeation Damage of Polymer Liner in Oil and Gas Pipelines: A Review

2020

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Non-metallic pipe (NMP) materials are used as an internal lining and standalone pipes in the oil and gas industry, constituting an emerging corrosion strategy. The NMP materials are inherently susceptible to gradual damage due to creep, fatigue, permeation, processing defects, and installation blunder. In the presence of acid gases (CO2, H2S), and hydrocarbons under high pressure and temperature, the main damage is due to permeation. The monitoring of possible damage due to permeation is not well defined, which leads to uncertainty in asset integrity management. Assessment of permeation damage is currently performed through mechanical, thermal, chemical, and structural properties, employing Tensile Test, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)/Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), to evaluate the change in tensile strength, elongation, weight loss or gain, crystallinity, chemical properties, and molecular structure. Coupons are commonly used to analyze the degradation of polymers. They are point sensors and did not give real-time information. Polymers are dielectric materials, and this dielectric property can be studied using Impedance Analyzer and Dielectric Spectroscopy. This review presents a brief status report on the failure of polymer liners in pipelines due to the exposure of acid gases, hydrocarbons, and other contaminants. Permeation, liner failures, the importance of monitoring, and new exclusive (dielectric) property are briefly discussed. An inclusive perspective is provided, showing the challenges associated with the monitoring of the polymer liner material in the pipeline as it relates to the life-time prediction requirement.

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Section: Use Of Non-metallic Pipe (Nmp)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Table A1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Permeation Damage of Polymer Liner in Oil and Gas Pipelines: A Review

2020

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“…Sometimes, the inhibitor consumption rate is so high that it becomes more expensive than a liner over the pipeline’s lifetime [ 2 , 6 ]. NMP has been implemented in pipelines mainly due to its corrosion resistance to the process environment [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. However, these materials degrade as a result of their interaction with the process environment [ 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation Monitoring of HDPE Material in CO2-Saturated NaCl Environment through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Technique

2021

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Extensive damage due to saturated seawater and CO2 exposure under high temperature and pressure in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been studied by Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The degradation of square-shaped HDPE samples having 1 mm thickness was investigated at 70 bars with 60, 75, and 90 °C separately for three weeks in an autoclave chamber. A clear indication of aging was observed in terms of chain scission by the formation of the methyl group (1262 cm−1), and the appearance of degradation products, including the alcohol and hydroxyl groups. The decline in glass transition temperature (Tg), melting point (Tm), and crystallinity (Xc) result from branching and formation of degradation products in the aged samples. TGA results reveal that the degradation shifts the characteristic temperatures (T5% and T10%) to lower values compared to virgin HDPE. FESEM images show clear surface cracks and rough patches after 3 weeks. The Xc value increased due to chain mobility at higher temperatures (90 °C). The impedance is relatively high 1011 ohms.cm−2 for a virgin sample, but it drops down to 109 and 106 after degradation. Impedance and dielectric loss were correlated, and the significance of dielectric loss was observed at lower frequencies. These characterizations will contribute to more efficient and detailed evaluation criteria for degradation monitoring.

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“…It is reported that certain grades of PE (such as PE-RT Type II) can be used for long-distance pipes, in the temperature range of <70 C and a decade of service life. 15 Thus, the evaluation of wax deposition in PE pipelines is of great importance. Unfortunately, no comprehensive evaluation of wax deposition in nonmetallic pipelines, especially PE pipeline, has ever been carried out.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of thickness and wax content of wax deposits in polyethylene pipe using a flow loop

Huang

Zhang

et al. 2020

AIChE Journal

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In this study, the thickness and wax content of wax deposits were found to be thinner and lower in the polyethylene (PE) pipe than in the stainless steel (SS) pipe using a flow loop apparatus. The diffusivity of wax, radial thermal gradient, and wax precipitation rate in the PE and SS pipes were calculated and compared. It was found the diffusivity of wax in the PE pipe was higher and tended to enhance the wax deposition in the PE pipe, while the radial thermal gradient and wax precipitation rate were lower in the PE pipe and had the opposite effects. These factors are shown to be comparable with each other and the effect of the thermal gradient dominates the mass flux of wax from bulk to the oil‐deposit interface and into the deposits finally, thus causing differences in thickness and wax content of deposits between the PE and SS pipes.

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Nonmetallics applications in oil and gas production (pipes, liners, rehabilitations)

Cited by 14 publications

References 2 publications

Permeation Damage of Polymer Liner in Oil and Gas Pipelines: A Review

Permeation Damage of Polymer Liner in Oil and Gas Pipelines: A Review

Degradation Monitoring of HDPE Material in CO2-Saturated NaCl Environment through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Technique

Investigation of thickness and wax content of wax deposits in polyethylene pipe using a flow loop

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