Nonolfactory Rhinencephalon

Lahunta, Alexander de; Glass, Eric N.; Kent, Marc

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-69611-1.00017-7

Cited by 31 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The left hemiparesis observed in this present case reflected the right hemisphere lesions as observed in superior vertebrates, mainly in humans (MacNeilage et al 2009). On the other hand, dogs may reflect lesions on the ipsilateral injured side (De Lahunta et al 2020). The bear showed no mentation impairment, which is compatible with forebrain white matter lesions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Leukoencephalomacia due to ischemic vascular accident in a Tremarctos ornatus (Spectacled bear)

Echenique

Piva

Gris

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Tremactor ornatus (Spectacled bear) are the only ursids natives of South America and are present in many Zoo collections. Neurologic diseases are not common in this species and brain injuries are linked mainly to viral diseases; however ischemic brain events are not commonly reported. The aim of this paper is to describe the clinical, gross, microscopic, and immunolabeling findings of leukoencephalomacia due to an ischemic vascular accident in a Tremactor ornatus. A captive spectacled bear presented left-sided non-ambulatory hemiparesis, and left-sided hemineglect, but without mentation impair. The animal died spontaneously. Gross findings included asymmetric bilateral friable dusky discoloration areas of malacia, sharply defined in the white matter of the forebrain right hemisphere. Lesions were observed in right parietal and temporal cortex, extending to the thalamus, striate body, and medullary body. Histologically, there was a non-hemorrhagic leukoencephalomacia, with accentuated myelin rarefaction and astrocytes proliferation embedded with Gitter cell infiltrate. Moreover, Luxol Fast Blue highlighted extensive severe myelin loss. The diagnosis was established through the clinical history along with extensive ischemic right hemisphere leukoencephalomacia. Immunohistochemistry was primordial to access repair and inflammatory lesions. To the best authors' knowledge, this is the first report of leukoencephalomacia due to ischemic vascular accident in a Tremarctos ornatus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Leukoencephalomacia due to ischemic vascular accident in a Tremarctos ornatus (Spectacled bear)

Echenique

Piva

Gris

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…The basal nuclei (BN) are located subcortically, in the basal portion of the telencephalon, mainly separated from the diencephalon by the internal capsule. 3,4 The literature is not consistent which brain nuclei are part of BN. 4 In veterinary texts, the term BN generally includes caudate nucleus, putamen, endopeduncular nucleus (EPN), globus pallidus (GP), claustrum, and amygdala.…”

Section: Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology Of Movement Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The basal nuclei (BN) are located subcortically, in the basal portion of the telencephalon, mainly separated from the diencephalon by the internal capsule 3,4 . The literature is not consistent which brain nuclei are part of BN 4 .…”

Section: Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology Of Movement Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The literature is not consistent which brain nuclei are part of BN 4 . In veterinary texts, the term BN generally includes caudate nucleus, putamen, endopeduncular nucleus (EPN), globus pallidus (GP), claustrum, and amygdala 3,4 . In rodent models and human medicine, other subcortical connected nuclei such as the substantia nigra, consisting of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), subthalamic nucleus, the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTN) and the red nucleus are considered part of BN 4,5 .…”

Section: Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology Of Movement Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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International veterinary canine dyskinesia task force ECVN consensus statement: Terminology and classification

Cerdá-González¹,

Packer

Garosi

et al. 2021

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Consensus Statements of the European College of Veterinary Neurology (ECVN) provide the veterinary community with up-to-date information on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of clinically important animal diseases. The ECVN Board oversees selection of relevant topics, identification of panel members for each topic with the expertise to draft the statements, and other aspects of assuring the integrity of the process. The statements are derived from evidence-based medicine whenever possible and the panel offers interpretive comments when such evidence is inadequate or contradictory. A draft is prepared by the panel, followed by solicitation of input by the ECVN membership which may be incorporated into the statement. It is then submitted to the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, where it is edited prior to publication. The authors are solely responsible for the content of the statements.

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“…Risk factors for progressive myelomalacia after IVDE have been identified to include the severity of the injury, age, site of disk herniation, and becoming non-ambulatory within 24 h of developing clinical signs (6). Unfortunately, no treatment is currently available; therefore, patients are humanely euthanized after the onset of progressive myelomalacia or die of respiratory failure (7)(8)(9). While some studies have suggested that the odds of developing progressive myelomalacia may be decreased through factors such as faster surgical intervention, performing extensive decompression (in comparison to hemilaminectomy alone), and use of corticosteroids, generally there is no way to predict which dogs will develop the condition before surgery (10,11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case report: Clinical and pathological findings in a canine patient with intervertebral disk extrusion resembling progressive myelomalacia

Lin¹,

Lampe²,

Bandt³

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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A 4-year-old female spayed dog presented to the emergency department for non-ambulatory tetraparesis, which progressed to tetraplegia. Computed tomography (CT) confirmed cervical intervertebral disk extrusion at C5-6 extending to C6-7, and an emergency ventral slot was performed. After the procedure, the patient was placed on mechanical ventilation due to respiratory failure. Repeat assessment upon weaning her ventilatory support suggested the patient's neurological status had declined. Based on her deterioration and suspicion of progressive myelomalacia on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), she was euthanized. Post-mortem histopathology of the spinal cord supported the presence of progressive myelomalacia. To the author's knowledge, this is the first case report describing a progressive myelomalacia in a canine patient with cervical intervertebral disk extrusion.

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Nonolfactory Rhinencephalon

Cited by 31 publications

References 21 publications

Leukoencephalomacia due to ischemic vascular accident in a Tremarctos ornatus (Spectacled bear)

Leukoencephalomacia due to ischemic vascular accident in a Tremarctos ornatus (Spectacled bear)

International veterinary canine dyskinesia task force ECVN consensus statement: Terminology and classification

Case report: Clinical and pathological findings in a canine patient with intervertebral disk extrusion resembling progressive myelomalacia

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