Nonpersistent endocrine disrupting chemicals and reproductive health of women

Cho, Yeon Jean; Yun, Jeong Hye; Kim, Su Jin; Kwon, Hyun Young

doi:10.5468/ogs.2020.63.1.1

Cited by 31 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Octocrylene products that contain benzophenone may pose a threat to the public health and even ecological health. ,, Safety evaluations done in the past were limited, and in-depth studies need to be conducted to ascertain the full range of toxicity of octocrylene and benzophenone products, so that a more appropriate threat evaluation can be conducted to preserve public health. Mixed xenobiotic exposure-effect studies need to be conducted using chemicals that are commonly found with octocrylene/benzophenone products.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzophenone Accumulates over Time from the Degradation of Octocrylene in Commercial Sunscreen Products

Downs

DiNardo

Stien

et al. 2021

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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Benzophenone is a mutagen, carcinogen, and endocrine disruptor. Its presence in food products or food packaging is banned in the United States. Under California Proposition 65, there is no safe harbor for benzophenone in any personal care products, including sunscreens, anti-aging creams, and moisturizers. The purpose of this study was to determine (1) if benzophenone was present in a wide variety of commercial sun protection factor (SPF)/sunscreen products, (2) whether benzophenone concentration in the product increased over time, and (3) if the degradation of octocrylene was the likely source for benzophenone contamination. Benzophenone concentration was assayed in nine commercial sunscreen products from the European Union and eight from the United States (in triplicate), including two single ingredient sources of octocrylene. These same SPF items were subjected to the United States Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA)-accelerated stability aging protocol for 6 weeks. Benzophenone was measured in the accelerated-aged products. Sixteen octocrylene-containing product lines that were recently purchased had an average concentration of 39 mg/kg benzophenone, ranging from 6 mg/kg to 186 mg/kg. Benzophenone was not detectable in the product that did not contain octocrylene. After subjecting the 17 products to the U.S. FDA-accelerated stability method, the 16 octocrylene-containing products had an average concentration of 75 mg/kg, ranging from 9.8 mg/kg to 435 mg/kg. Benzophenone was not detectable in the product that did not contain octocrylene. Benzophenone was detected in the pure octocrylene manufactured ingredient. Octocrylene generates benzophenone through a retro-aldol condensation. In vivo, up to 70% of the benzophenone in these sunscreen products may be absorbed through the skin. U.S. FDA has established a zero tolerance for benzophenone as a food additive. In the United States, there were 2999 SPF products containing octocrylene in 2019. The safety of octocrylene as a benzophenone generator in SPF or any consumer products should be expeditiously reviewed by regulatory agencies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzophenone Accumulates over Time from the Degradation of Octocrylene in Commercial Sunscreen Products

Downs

DiNardo

Stien

et al. 2021

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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“…Data supporting a role of EDC exposure and the development of endometriosis is more robust, but questions remain due to conflicting reports. As discussed in this review, EDCs are of particular interest in elucidating the etiology of endometriosis and adenomyosis due to their ability to alter steroidogenesis, epigenetic signatures, and immunologic function (Crain et al, 2008;Sifakis et al, 2017;Cho et al, 2020). However, using epidemiological data, proving causality between EDC exposure and human disease has been difficult.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Endocrine disrupting chemicals can be divided into two groups: persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and non-persistent EDCs (npEDCs) Table 1. npEDCs have a low lipid solubility resulting in a relatively short half-life in humans and animals whereas POPs are highly lipophilic chemicals that are not readily biodegradable (Cho et al, 2020). Development of a variety of reproductive diseases has been found to be associated with both npEDCs (Kandaraki et al, 2011;Ye et al, 2018;Bariani et al, 2020;Peinado et al, 2021) and POPs (Heilier et al, 2004;Bruner-Tran and Osteen, 2010;Trabert et al, 2015;Al Jishi and Sergi, 2017).…”

Section: Environmental Endocrine Disrupting Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Relationship Between Environmental Endocrine Disruptor Exposure and the Development of Endometriosis and Adenomyosis

et al. 2022

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Women with endometriosis, the growth of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterus, commonly also exhibit adenomyosis, the growth of endometrial tissues within the uterine muscle. Each disease is associated with functional alterations in the eutopic endometrium frequently leading to pain, reduced fertility, and an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Although the precise etiology of either disease is poorly understood, evidence suggests that the presence of endometriosis may be a contributing factor to the subsequent development of adenomyosis as a consequence of an altered, systemic inflammatory response. Herein, we will discuss the potential role of exposure to environmental toxicants with endocrine disrupting capabilities in the pathogenesis of both endometriosis and adenomyosis. Numerous epidemiology and experimental studies support a role for environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the development of endometriosis; however, only a few studies have examined the potential relationship between toxicant exposures and the risk of adenomyosis. Nevertheless, since women with endometriosis are also frequently found to have adenomyosis, discussion of EDC exposure and development of each of these diseases is relevant. We will discuss the potential mechanisms by which EDCs may act to promote the co-development of endometriosis and adenomyosis. Understanding the disease-promoting mechanisms of environmental toxicants related to endometriosis and adenomyosis is paramount to designing more effective treatment(s) and preventative strategies.

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“…Nevertheless, with constant exposure, they are continually present in biological samples of the general population[ 28 ]. They are commonly encountered in plastics, medical devices, cosmetics, and detergents[ 29 ]. Although there are members of this group such as paraben triclosan and phthalates, the most well-known member is BPA.…”

Section: Endocrine Disruptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endocrine disruptor chemicals as obesogen and diabetogen: Clinical and mechanistic evidence

Kurşunoğlu¹,

Yürekli²

2022

World J Clin Cases

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Obesity is becoming an inevitable pandemic all over the world. The World Obesity Federation predicts in the 2022 World Obesity Atlas that one billion people worldwide, including 1 in 5 women and 1 in 7 men, will be living with obesity by 2030. Moreover, the prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide, and diabetes is becoming more of a public health problem. Increased insulin resistance due to obesity and deficiency in insulin secretion are the two main causes of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). An exogenous chemical or mixture of chemicals that interferes with any aspect of hormone action was defined as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Bisphenol A (BPA), the first known EDC, was synthesized and was considered to be estrogenic. Global production of BPA has increased progressively from 5 to 8 million tons (MT) between 2010 and 2016. Furthermore, researchers estimated that the production should reach 10.2 MT by 2022. The human population is exposed to EDCs in daily life in such forms as pesticides/herbicides, industrial and household products, plastics, detergents, and personal care products. The term obesogen was used for chemicals that promote weight gain and obesity by increasing the number of adipocytes and fat storage in existing adipocytes, changing the energy balance, and finally regulating appetite and satiety. Besides the obesogenic effect, EDCs can cause T2DM through alteration in ß cell function and morphology and insulin resistance. In this review, we provide clinical and mechanistic evidence regarding EDCs as obesogen and diabetogen. However, those studies are not enough methodologically to indicate causality. In this respect, randomized clinical trials are needed to investigate the association between obesogen, diabetogen and the related metabolic clinical picture.

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Nonpersistent endocrine disrupting chemicals and reproductive health of women

Cited by 31 publications

References 86 publications

Benzophenone Accumulates over Time from the Degradation of Octocrylene in Commercial Sunscreen Products

Benzophenone Accumulates over Time from the Degradation of Octocrylene in Commercial Sunscreen Products

The Potential Relationship Between Environmental Endocrine Disruptor Exposure and the Development of Endometriosis and Adenomyosis

Endocrine disruptor chemicals as obesogen and diabetogen: Clinical and mechanistic evidence

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