Nonpotable Reuse: Development of Health Criteria and Technologies for Shower Water Recycle

Abstract

The U.S. Army is evaluating recycle of field shower water as a conservation practice in arid regions and is seeking to define appropriate technologies and health criteria. Shower wastewaters at a military installation have been characterized in terms of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. Two treatment technologies have been investigated. Microfiltration cartridges with a nominal pore size of 0.2 µm achieved consistent removals of 75±15% of total organic carbon (TOC) and better than 99% of turbidity from synthetic shower water containing 50 to 100 mg/L of TOC as soap. An alternative treatment technology utilized powdered activated carbon and coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation followed by diatomaceous earth filtration. A TOC reduction of 70±15% was achieved in three separate studies, although at a cost of 1 g/L or more of powdered activated carbon. Revised quality criteria for recycled shower water have been developed with guidance from the National Research Council. Parameters which can practically be measured in the field are primarily associated with microbiological safety. Therefore, the safety of recycled shower water with respect to chemical contamination must depend on design considerations.

Presence and fate of priority substances in domestic greywater treatment and reuse systems

“…have fully described the structure of a greywater treatment system incorporating a three stage RBC. Total N (mg l − 1 ) 3.6-17 6-21 40-74 0.6-11 Total P (mg l − 1 ) 0.1-> 49 0.1-> 101 68-74 0.6-> 68 a Bathroom: Almeida et al, 1999, Burrows et al, 1991, Christova-Boal et al, 1996, Laak, 1974, Ledin et al, 2006, Nolde, 1999, Rose et al, 1991, Siegrist et al, 1976and Surendran and Wheatley, 1998 Laundry: Almeida et al, 1999, Christova-Boal et al, 1996, Laak, 1974, Siegrist et al, 1976and Surendran and Wheatley, 1998 c Kitchen: Almeida et al, 1999, Günther, 2000, Laak, 1974, Siegrist et al, 1976and Surendran and Wheatley, 1998 Mixed: Palmquist and Hanaeus, 2005, Casanova et al, 2001, Gerba et al, 1995, Hypes, 1974, Santala et al, 1998, Rose et al, 1991and Jeppesen, 1993 Greywater treatment and reuse offers the potential to substantially reduce domestic potable water demand, but care must be taken to ensure this is achieved without detriment to public health and the environment. To date, most studies investigating greywater reuse and associated risks have focussed on conventional water quality monitoring parameters such as those in Table 1 (e.g.…”

Eficiência na remoção de coliformes em águas cinza através da fitorremediação

“…Rose et al (1991) relataram concentrações de coliformes totais na água cinza variando de 10 4 -10 6 UFC/100mL. Burrows et al (1991) relataram concentrações baixas como 85 UFC/100mL na água cinza proveniente de lavanderia. Estes valores estão relacionados com a forma de uso da água na habitação, variando com as características culturais e sociais do lugar.…”

Greywater Use in Irrigation: Characteristics, Advantages and Concerns

“…There is some research on the quality of greywater and its variation by source (Tables 1 and 2) and within source type (Matos, 2009;Matos et al, 2010). For instance, literature reports important differences for washing machines between the effluents of different cycles and the same can be expected from dishwashers (Rose et al, 1991;Burrows et al, 1991;ChristovaBoal et al, 1996;Surendan& Wheatley, 1998;Shin et al, 1998;Nolde, 1999;Eriksson et al, 2002;Friedler, 2004 49-69 (4) 102* (2) 50-210 (1) 108 (2) 14-296 (3) Total solids (mg/L) 631 (2) 777-1090 (5) 250 (6) 558 (2) 835 (5) 1272-2410 (5) 2410 (6) 658 ( 459-670 (5) 670 (6) 97-106 (5) 69-170 (6) 97 (7) 10-424 (5) 370 (6) pH 6.4-8.1 (1) 7.1 (5) 7.6 (2) 6.7-7.4 (4,5) 8.1 (2) 7.0-8.1 (5) 6.5 (5) 6.3-7.4 (8) 9.3-10. Christova-Boal et al (1996); (2) Surendran& Wheatley (1998); (3) Rose et al (1991); (4) Burrows et al (1991); (5) Friedler (2004); (6) Siegrist et al (1976); (7) Almeida et al (1999); (8) Shin et al (1998);(9) Nolde (1999); (10) Laak (1974) ; (11) …”

“…* Siegrist et al, (1976);Christova-Boal et al, (1996); Burrows et al, (1991); Rose et al, (1991); Shin et al, (1998);Almeida, et al, (1999);NUEA (2001);Friedler (2004).…”