Nonsocial behavior of captive infant gorillas

Gold, Kenneth

doi:10.1002/ajp.1350260111

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Self-directed behaviors were infrequent and showed no significant change over time. In contrast, high frequencies of self-directed behavior in socially deprived (Fossey, 1979) and hand-reared (Gold, 1992) gorilla infants have been reported, indicating that the infant in this study was engaging in developmentally appropriate behaviors.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

“…Overall, the total affiliative social behavior of the infant significantly increased over time, and he was observed engaging in only affiliative social behaviors. In contrast to the infant in this study, human-reared gorilla infants have been reported to exhibit frequent, unprovoked aggressive display behaviors (Gold, 1992) as have infants deprived of maternal care (Meder, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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A Case Study of Primiparous Maternal and Infant Gorilla(Gorilla gorilla gorilla)Behavior

Crosby

Lukas²

2004

Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science

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A primiparous mother and her infant were subjects of a longitudinal behavioral study at Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago, Illinois. From November 1998 to November 1999, we collected a total of 100 hr of focal nonhuman animal instantaneous point sampling and all occurrence data on the mother and her infant. After 8 months, we introduced the 4-member focal group to an 8-member gorilla group, thus providing an opportunity to study the effect of the introduction on mother-infant behavior. Overall, time the pair spent physically apart was notably high with contact and proximate scores steadily decreasing over time. The infant was largely responsible for maintaining social proximity, rarely leaving the mother and frequently approaching her. In contrast, the mother left the infant frequently and approached the infant minimally. Maternal affiliative and nonaffiliative behaviors fluctuated throughout the study. Over time, both decreased. Despite a precarious maternal relationship, infant developmental trends were typical for captive gorillas. The results of this study suggest that allowing flexibility in judging maternal conduct can be of benefit to successful gorilla husbandry.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

A Case Study of Primiparous Maternal and Infant Gorilla(Gorilla gorilla gorilla)Behavior

Crosby

Lukas²

2004

Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science

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“…(Rogers & Davenport, 1969;Lemmon, 1971). By the second year of life hand-reared gorillas have been found to exhibit more selfdirected behaviour (including selfgrooming), display behaviour and regurgitation and reingestion, and they do not rest as much or take as much interest in exploring their environment (Gold, 1992). However, Lemmon (1971) suggests that 'good' hand-rearing may provide an adequate substitution for conspecific socialization and that early sexual experience is not a necessary prerequisite for future competency in this area.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of group structure and rearing strategy on personality in ChimpanzeesPan troglodytesat Chester, London ZSL and Twycross Zoos

Murray

1998

International Zoo Yearbook

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Fifty‐nine Chimpanzees Pun troglodytes, maintained in groups, trios or pairs, were rated by multiple observers, including their keepers, on a seven‐point rating scale consisting of 28 behaviourally defined adjectives. To identify differences resulting from group size and mode of rearing, mean ratings on the 25 adjectives found to be reliable were subjected to analyses of variance and were correlated with actual group size and rearing strategy. These ratings formed the input for a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) which yielded three main components accounting for the greatest amount of variation among individuals: C1, Confident/Apprehensive; C2, SociablelSolitary; C3, Excitable/ Slow. Scores on these components were also correlated with group size. While the effects of rearing may reflect the tendency for many more of the adults to be hand‐reared, strong correlations between group size and both adjectives and component scores demonstrate that when Chimpanzees are maintained in larger groups, they are more Maternal/Paternal, Playful, Popular, Gentle, Protective, Sociable, Curious, Intelligent and Irritable, less Solitary and Slow, and have higher scores on both C2 and C3.

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“…The two factors that appear to influence good maternal behaviour most are to be mother-reared (MMR) (Beck & Power, 1988;Gold, 1992) and to grow up in a social breeding group where maternal behaviour by conspecifics can be observed readily (OBS) (Kirchshofer, 1970;Bingham & Hahn, 1974;Meder, 1989;Hannah & Brotman, 1990;Schmidt, 1993). These both have significant results in most analyses and are even more significant when analysing breeding success (BS:BF), which is an accurate means of assessing survival.…”

Section: The Developing Zoo Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of factors that affect maternal behaviour and breeding success in great apes in captivity

Abelló¹,

Colell

2006

International Zoo Yearbook

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In this paper the relationship between maternal behaviour and breeding success (or failure) in great apes is described. Data were gathered from a questionnaire survey returned by 48 zoos and from available studbook data, giving a total sample size of 687 individuals [Gorillas Gorilla gorilla (n= 277), Bonobos Pan paniscus (n= 37), Chimpanzees Pan troglodytes (n= 216) and Orangutans Pongo pygmaeus (n= 157)] born between 1990 and 2000 at 86 institutions. The factors influencing maternal behaviour are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the importance of learning and experience for the development of good maternal skills. The rearing background and social‐group circumstances of the breeding ♀ were analysed, including her rearing situation (own mother, conspecific surrogate or hand‐reared), opportunity (or not) to observe maternal behaviour in conspecifics during development and previous breeding experience. The effects of maternal training are also analysed. The results show that for a ♀ great ape to demonstrate good maternal skills, the most effective experience is to have been reared by her own mother and to have observed maternal behaviour in a social group comprising mature individuals and infants. This gives ♀♀ the opportunity to observe and learn how to care adequately for their own offspring.

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Nonsocial behavior of captive infant gorillas

Cited by 13 publications

References 17 publications

A Case Study of Primiparous Maternal and Infant Gorilla(Gorilla gorilla gorilla)Behavior

A Case Study of Primiparous Maternal and Infant Gorilla(Gorilla gorilla gorilla)Behavior

The effects of group structure and rearing strategy on personality in ChimpanzeesPan troglodytesat Chester, London ZSL and Twycross Zoos

Analysis of factors that affect maternal behaviour and breeding success in great apes in captivity

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