Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Prostatic Diseases

Abstract

Prostatic diseases are characterized by increased activity of cytokines, growth factors, and cyclooxygenases- (COX-) 1 and 2. Activation of COX-1 and COX-2 results in increased levels of prostaglandins and the induction of angiogenic, antiapoptotic and inflammatory processes. Inhibition of COX enzymes by members of the widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class of drugs decreases prostaglandin production, and exerts a variety of anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antinociceptive effects. While numerous in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies have shown that NSAIDs inhibit the risk and progression of prostatic diseases, the relationship between NSAIDs and such diseases remains controversial. Here we review the literature in this area, critically analyzing the benefits and caveats associated with the use of NSAIDs in the treatment of prostatic diseases.

Flurbiprofen alone and in combination with alfuzosin for the management of lower urinary tract symptoms

“…Both COX−1 and COX−2 have been shown to be expressed in BPH tissues [23]. Activation of COX−1 and COX−2 has been known to increase the levels of prostaglandins and induce angiogenic, antiapoptotic and inflammatory processes [24]. In our study, flurbiprofen monotherapy improved baseline IPSS and PVR, but not flow measures.…”

Effect of prescription medications on erectile dysfunction

“…NSAIDs act by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase 1 (COX-1) and cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) enzymes, which catalyse the production of eicosanoids. Eicosanoids include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and lipoxins, which all generally mediate inflammation 70. The inhibition of these products makes NSAIDs a potent anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic drug 70…”

The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is an effective prognostic marker in localized upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma treated with nephroureterectomy

“…In particular, C-reactive protein as a systemic inflammation marker was reported to be a poor prognostic factor in several types of cancers [6,7]. Others and we have also revealed that neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an independent prognostic factor in various solid malignancies, including renal cell carcinoma, bladder urothelial carcinoma, and prostatic carcinoma [8][9][10][11][12][13].…”