Nonstructural Carbon in Woody Plants

Dietze, Michael C.; Sala, Anna; Carbone, Mariah S.; Czimczik, C. I.; Mantooth, Joshua A.; Richardson, Andrew D.; Vargas, Rodrigo

doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-040054

Cited by 617 publications

(610 citation statements)

References 150 publications

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“…Chemical analyses of the 6136 leaf samples indicated extremely wide-ranging concentrations of NSC, from 16.5% to 84.5% of total leaf mass (Table 3). Parallel to the spectra, this NSC range approximately meets the range reported for live, fresh foliar material worldwide [1,5,9]. Based on this range of chemical values, the PLSR analyses indicated that NSC can be estimated at the leaf level from reflectance with high precision (mean R 2 = 0.73 ± 0.06) and accuracy (average %RMSE = 12.9%) ( Table 3).…”

Section: Leaf-level Performancesupporting

confidence: 61%

Spectroscopic Remote Sensing of Non-Structural Carbohydrates in Forest Canopies

Asner

Martin

2015

Remote Sensing

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Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are products of photosynthesis, and leaf NSC concentration may be a prognostic indicator of climate-change tolerance in woody plants. However, measurement of leaf NSC is prohibitively labor intensive, especially in tropical forests, where foliage is difficult to access and where NSC concentrations vary enormously by species and across environments. Imaging spectroscopy may allow quantitative mapping of leaf NSC, but this possibility remains unproven. We tested the accuracy of NSC remote sensing at leaf, canopy and stand levels using visible-to-shortwave infrared (VSWIR) spectroscopy with partial least squares regression (PLSR) techniques. Leaf-level analyses demonstrated the high precision (R 2 = 0.69-0.73) and accuracy (%RMSE = 13%-14%) of NSC estimates in 6136 live samples taken from 4222 forest canopy species worldwide. The leaf spectral data were combined with a radiative transfer model to simulate the role of canopy structural variability, which led to a reduction in the precision and accuracy of leaf NSC estimation (R 2 = 0.56; %RMSE = 16%). Application of the approach to 79 one-hectare plots in Amazonia using the Carnegie Airborne Observatory VSWIR spectrometer indicated the good precision and accuracy of leaf NSC estimates at the forest stand level (R 2 = 0.49; %RMSE = 9.1%). Spectral analyses indicated strong contributions of the shortwave-IR (1300-2500 nm) region to leaf NSC determination at all scales. We conclude that leaf NSC can be remotely sensed, opening doors to monitoring forest canopy physiological responses to environmental stress and climate change.

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Section: Leaf-level Performancesupporting

confidence: 61%

Spectroscopic Remote Sensing of Non-Structural Carbohydrates in Forest Canopies

Asner

Martin

2015

Remote Sensing

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“…The extent to which the formation of C reserves is an active process is a current matter of discussion (see reviews by Hoch in press; Palacio et al 2014;Dietze et al 2014). There is evidence that even under severe stress conditions, C reserves are never fully depleted (Gruber et al 2012;Hartmann et al 2013;Klein et al 2014) and that reserve storage may, in certain cases, be favored at the expense of growth (Wiley et al 2013;Saffell et al 2014).…”

Section: The Phenology Of Carbon and Nitrogen Reservesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this context, the phenology of non-leafy organs (i.e., reproductive structures, wood, fine roots) has often been ignored in TEMs and, when represented, defined relative to that of leaves, despite an increasing amount of evidence that suggests there are not simple links between the phenologies of tree organs. The phenologies of non-leafy organs clearly deserve proper characterization, as there is increasing evidence that the growth of tree organs does not solely depend on the fueling of carbon from the canopy but, rather, is at least transitorily an active process modulated by seasonal variations in the ability of the organ to grow (Fatichi et al 2014;Dietze et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A few articles have recently reviewed the environmental determinism of and the modeling of the phenology of leaves in temperate and boreal trees (Badeck et al 2004;Hänninen and Tanino 2011;Chuine et al 2013;Hanes et al 2013;Richardson et al 2013), the phenology of flowering in temperate plants (Tooke and Battey 2010), and the phenology of non-structural carbon allocation in trees (Dietze et al 2014). In the present review, we aim to enlarge the scope of these studies and propose to review our understanding of the phenologies of tree organs in temperate and boreal forest trees.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temperate and boreal forest tree phenology: from organ-scale processes to terrestrial ecosystem models

Delpierre

Vitasse

Chuine

et al. 2016

Annals of Forest Science

231

192

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Abstract& Key message We demonstrate that, beyond leaf phenology, the phenological cycles of wood and fine roots present clear responses to environmental drivers in temperate and boreal trees. These drivers should be included in terrestrial ecosystem models. & Context In temperate and boreal trees, a dormancy period prevents organ development during adverse climatic conditions. Whereas the phenology of leaves and flowers has received considerable attention, to date, little is known regarding the phenology of other tree organs such as wood, fine roots, fruits, and reserve compounds. & Aims Here, we review both the role of environmental drivers in determining the phenology of tree organs and the models used to predict the phenology of tree organs in temperate and boreal forest trees. & Results Temperature is a key driver of the resumption of tree activity in spring, although its specific effects vary among organs. There is no such clear dominant environmental cue involved in the cessation of tree activity in autumn and in the onset of dormancy, but temperature, photoperiod, and water stress appear as prominent factors. The phenology of a given organ is, to a certain extent, influenced by processes in distant organs. & Conclusion Inferring past trends and predicting future trends of tree phenology in a changing climate requires specific phenological models developed for each organ to consider the phenological cycle as an ensemble in which the environmental cues that trigger each phase are also indirectly involved in the subsequent phases. Incorporating such models into terrestrial ecosystem models (TEMs) would likely improve the accuracy of their predictions. The extent to which the coordination of the phenologies of tree organs will be affected in a changing climate deserves further research.

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“…Neutral red dye, widely used for observation of live or dead cells, has the potential to discriminate the contents of vacuoles, such as starch, which is the main component of power reserve, as cells radial parenchyma are and structural carbon source (CHANTUMA et al, 2007, DIETZE et al, 2014. For this reason it can be easily used to characterize necrosis of exchange of tissues when the plants are faced with forest fi re situations (DICKINSON; JOHNSON, 2004), or heat stress caused by solar scalds or intense cold (MANION, 1991;TATTAR, 1989).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

CAN GENETIC VARIATIONS IN THE DEPLETION PROCESS OF STARCH STOCKS BE DRIVING CONTEMPORARY MICROEVOLUTION IN Toona ciliata VAR. australis?

Abreu

Rosado

2016

CERNE

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ABSTRACT:A simple method to establish a relationship between physiological responses of plants and thermal stresses is by quantifying the number of parenchyma cells with remaining starch stocks. The knowledge of the dynamic of starch depletion can be achieved by using statistical models such as thermal performance curves (TPC). The aim of this study was to quantify radial parenchyma cells with remaining starch stocks in order to evaluate changes in TPC regarding increases in temperature over seedlings of Toona ciliata (Australian Red cedar), in different heat induced treatments of matching both exposure time and temperature; besides of the assessment of variations in the TPC's and also to understand whether these changes are over genetic control. We used a protocol of heat induced treatment in the stems of the seedlings, anatomical cuts and staining with neutral red for the commercial clone BV1120, which was used as template to fit polynomial curves of TPC. After these mathematical fits and validation of these models with lignotubers of Eucalyptus urophylla, we defined a depletion time of 50% (TD50) from the starch stocks for each thermal treatment, so we could compare the performance for the others five commercial clones: BV1110, BV1121, BV1151, BV1210 and BV1321. The R 2 values were all above 85%. Results indicated that clone BV1110 had the highest value for remaining starch stocks at all heat induced treatments, in contrast to the clone BV1210, which had the lowest values for remaining starch stocks. The variation of the starch content indicates high values of broad-sense heritability, ranging from 97,43 to 98,48%, suggesting a possible contemporary microevolution process undergoing in Australian Red cedar. Thus, further selections can help improving the tolerance of Australian Red cedar to increasing temperatures on the environment. VARIAÇÕES GENÉTICAS DA DEPLEÇÃO DO AMIDO ESTÃO DIRECIONANDO UMA MICROEVOLUÇÃO CONTEMPORÂNEA EM Toona ciliata VAR. australis?RESUMO: Uma maneira de relacionar as respostas fisiológicas das plantas aos estresses térmicos é pela quantificação das células com amido remanescente, decorrente da sua despolimerização em açúcares simples que serão utilizados para reparar danos aos vasos embolizados do xilema. A compreensão da dinâmica dessa depleção poderá ser feita, por meio do uso de modelos estatísticos, que estabelecem curvas de performance térmica ou normas de reação térmicas (NRT). O presente estudo objetivou quantificar as células do parênquima radial que possuíam reservas de amido remanescentes, para avaliar as mudanças nas curvas das NRT, em resposta a aumentos de temperatura induzidos no caule de mudas de Toona ciliata (cedro australiano), sob diferentes escalas de tempo, além de avaliar as variações nas curvas das NRT de diferentes clones de Toona ciliata, bem como se essas variações são, predominantemente, genéticas e herdáveis. Foi utilizado um protocolo de indução de calor, no caule das mudas, cortes anatômicos e coloração com vermelho neutro, para o clone BV1120, que foi ut...

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Nonstructural Carbon in Woody Plants

Cited by 617 publications

References 150 publications

Spectroscopic Remote Sensing of Non-Structural Carbohydrates in Forest Canopies

Spectroscopic Remote Sensing of Non-Structural Carbohydrates in Forest Canopies

Temperate and boreal forest tree phenology: from organ-scale processes to terrestrial ecosystem models

CAN GENETIC VARIATIONS IN THE DEPLETION PROCESS OF STARCH STOCKS BE DRIVING CONTEMPORARY MICROEVOLUTION IN Toona ciliata VAR. australis?

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