Nontarget Effect of a Fungicide Spray Program on Phytophagous and Predacious Mite Populations in a Scab-Resistant Apple Orchard

Bower, K. N.; Berkett, L.P.; Costante, J. F.

doi:10.1093/ee/24.2.423

Cited by 23 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…For instance, application of myclobutanil + tolyfluanid to apple orchards significantly reduced populations of Amblyseius andersoni Berlese 19. Similarly, Bower et al 20 found that mancozeb and benomyl severely reduced orchard populations of A. fallacis. Amblyseius swirskii appears to be a viable, chemical‐tolerant BCA option for GWF and WFT management in greenhouses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effect of reduced risk pesticides on greenhouse vegetable arthropod biological control agents

Gradish

Scott‐Dupree

Shipp

et al. 2010

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND: Arthropod biological control agents (BCAs) are commonly released for greenhouse vegetable insect pest management. Nevertheless, chemicals remain a necessary control tactic for certain insect pests and diseases and they can have negative impacts on BCAs. The compatibility of some formulated reduced risk insecticides (abamectin, metaflumizone and chlorantraniliprole) and fungicides (myclobutanil, potassium bicarbonate and cyprodinil + fludioxonil) used, or with promise for use, in Canadian greenhouses with Orius insidiosus (Say), Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) and Eretmocerus eremicus (Rose & Zolnerovich) was determined through laboratory and greenhouse bioassays. RESULTS: Overall, the insecticides and fungicides were harmless as residues to adult BCAs. However, abamectin was slightly to moderately harmful to O. insidiosus and A. swirskii in laboratory bioassays, whereas metaflumizone was slightly harmful to E. eremicus. CONCLUSIONS:In general, these products appear safe to use prior to establishment/release of these adult BCAs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effect of reduced risk pesticides on greenhouse vegetable arthropod biological control agents

Gradish

Scott‐Dupree

Shipp

et al. 2010

Pest Management Science

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“…In the United States, a total of 2 million kg of fungicides were applied on 140,667 ha of apple orchards surveyed in eight states in 2001 (Anon., 2002). In addition, fungicides may have various impacts, including adverse effects on predatory mites, and health concerns for both farmers and consumers (Schneider and Dickert, 1994;Bower et al, 1995). However, considering the low acceptable economic threshold of about 1% fruit scab at harvest (Seems et al, 1989;Van der Scheer, 1992), the strategies for controlling apple scab with less fungicide will require improved methods that may include monitoring ascosporic inoculum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneity of the aerial concentration and deposition of ascospores of Venturia inaequalis within a tree canopy during the rain

Carisse

Rolland²,

Talbot³

et al. 2006

Eur J Plant Pathol

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Scab is an important disease of apple and its control depends almost exclusively on frequent use of fungicides. Primary scab infection in the spring assumes several steps: ascospore maturation, liberation of ascospores that become airborne, deposition on susceptible tissues, and infection. However, the spatial heterogeneity of ascospores within the tree canopy is unknown. Aerial concentration of ascospore (ACA), ascospore concentration in rain water (ACR) and ascospore deposition (AD) were therefore measured at six heights (20-257 cm from the ground) with rotating-arm air samplers, funnels, and greased glass slides, respectively, during five rain events in 2001 and in 2002. In addition, ACR and AD were measured at eight locations within tree canopy at 196 cm height. Apple scab was assessed at the end of the primary infection period in each sampling location within the apple tree. A similar experimental design was used in 2003 to study the spatial heterogeneity of both AD and primary scab lesions. ACA and AD decreased with increasing height, while ACR increased with increasing height. Based on both variance to mean ratio and the power law relationship in both years, the ACR was heterogeneous, while AD was heterogeneous only during the peaks of ascospore release. The ACR was significantly higher at the centre of the trees and the AD was significantly higher at the centre and at the western edge of the trees. Only the cumulative AD was significantly correlated with apple scab lesions at the same location (r = 0.83). In 2003, a similar pattern of spatial heterogeneity within the tree canopy was observed for AD and primary scab lesion counts and there was a linear relationship (R 2 = 0.84) between these two variables. It was concluded that ACR and AD within the tree canopy are not randomly distributed at least during peaks of ascospore release and that AD is a good estimate of primary scab lesion development. This spatial heterogeneity should be considered when estimating ascospore deposition using mathematical models or when quantifying ascosporic inoculum using spore samplers.

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“…Thus, we sought to minimize use of the fungicides benomyl and mancozeb, which are known to harm predaceous phytoseiid mites (Croft, 1990). Although the specifics in apple orchards remain unclear, there is evidence that entomophagous fungi useful in biocontrol of arthropods may be inhibited by fungicides (Tedders, 1981;Loriaetal., 1983), and that eliminating fungicides from an orchard allows biocontrol of mites (Bower et al, 1993;Cooleyetal., 1994).…”

Section: Advancing Levels Of Integration In Orchard Pest Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Second-level integrated pest management in commercial apple orchards

et al. 1994

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As historical background helpful to understanding current concepts and practices of apple pest management, we review the origin and rise of key pests of apple in North America and the evolution of approaches to their management, culminating with the concept of integrated pest management (IPM). We propose four levels of integration of orchard pest management practices. First-level IPM integrates chemically based and biologically based management tactics for a single class of pests, such as arthropods, diseases, weeds or vertebrates. Second-level IPM, the focus of our effort here, integrates multiple management tactics across all classes of pests. We describe components of second-level IPM for Massachusetts apple orchards, which are threatened each year by an exceptionally broad range of injurious pests. We illustrate the tentative advantages and shortcomings of second-level IPM using 1993 data from six commercial orchard test blocks. Our predominant approach was to use chemically based tactics for controlling arthropods, diseases and weeds early in the growing season, and afterwards to rely exclusively (for insects) or largely (for other pests) on biologically based tactics, such as cultural, behavioral, and biological controls. Compared with nearby first-level IPM blocks, insecticide use in 1993 was reduced substantially (about 30%), with only slightly more insect injury to fruit and little difference in populations of foliar insect pests. The results for mite pests and diseases were less encouraging although summer pruning significantly reduced disease injury caused by flyspeck. We discuss how second-level IPM poses special biological or operational challenges to apple pest management practitioners. The concept has merit, but refinements are necessary before it can be recommended broadly to commercial apple growers in Massachusetts as an economical and reliable alternative to first-level IPM.

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Nontarget Effect of a Fungicide Spray Program on Phytophagous and Predacious Mite Populations in a Scab-Resistant Apple Orchard

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of reduced risk pesticides on greenhouse vegetable arthropod biological control agents

Effect of reduced risk pesticides on greenhouse vegetable arthropod biological control agents

Heterogeneity of the aerial concentration and deposition of ascospores of Venturia inaequalis within a tree canopy during the rain

Second-level integrated pest management in commercial apple orchards

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