Normal abdominal aorta diameter in infants, children and adolescents

Aktürk, Yeliz; Güneş, Serra Özbal

doi:10.1111/ped.13542

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Regression analysis was used to describe the relationship between the aortic diameter (dependent variable) and the subject's age (independent variable). Multiple regression models as described by previous studies[ 2 5 6 ] were analyzed to determine the best fit model. Linear, logarithmic, exponential, and polynomial regression models with quadratic, cubic, and linear terms were evaluated using the R 2 value to determine the best fit functional form.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determining the normal effective diameter of thoracic aorta in pediatric population of India

Kale¹,

Alam²

2020

Indian J Radiol Imaging

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Background: It is imperative to establish normative ranges of aortic diameter to diagnose various aortic pathologies. There have been very few studies establishing the normal aortic diameter on cross-sectional imaging, and none pertaining to the Indian pediatric population. The objective of this study was, therefore, to establish the normal effective diameter of thoracic aorta at multiple levels using computed tomographic data, calculate z-scores, and plot reference curves. Subjects and Methods: The effective thoracic aorta diameters (average of anteroposterior and lateral diameters) were measured at predefined levels (aortic root, ascending aorta at the level of right pulmonary artery, aortic arch, proximal descending aorta, and aorta at the level of diaphragmatic hiatus) on double-oblique reconstructed computed tomography (CT) images perpendicular to the direction of the vessel. Multiple functional forms relating the effective diameter to subjects’ age were evaluated with least square regression methods, and further R 2 was used to ascertain the best model. Age-based formulas to derive normal aorta diameters and mean squared errors (MSEs) were established. Results: Two hundred and seven contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) thorax studies of children without known cardiovascular disease were studied. The polynomial regression model relating the effective diameter that included linear, quadratic, and cubic age terms as independent variables were found to the best statistical model. The z scores were calculated, and normative curves were plotted. Conclusions: We have established normative effective diameters of the thoracic aorta at multiple levels in Indian children of different age groups. Measurements outside of the normal ranges are indicators of ectasia, aneurysm, hypoplasia, or stenosis.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Effective aortic diameter is average of the transverse and anteroposterior diameters of the aorta, this method of measurement nullifies errors due to obliquity and has been previously used for similar studies. [ 2 5 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the normal effective diameter of thoracic aorta in pediatric population of India

Kale¹,

Alam²

2020

Indian J Radiol Imaging

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“…The resolution of the voxel grid determines both the resolution and noise of the velocity data 1,2 . In blood flow imaging, the resolution is measured and reported in millimeters, but an important metric for flow accuracy is the number of voxels per diameter (VPD) 41 , which can range from 5-20 VPD for adults 42 and 3-5 VPD for infants 43,44 .…”

Section: Magnetic Resonance Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…extreme (best-case and worst-case) scenarios seen in practice; usually, for infant patients, noise levels are 3% − 10% and MRI resolution is 3 − 5 VPD 43,44 . We use the CFD mesh with = 1590 elements for SBI reconstruction.…”

Section: Impact Of Noise Reynolds Number and Mri Resolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accurate quantification of blood flow wall shear stress using simulation-based imaging: a synthetic, comparative study

Naudet¹,

Töger²,

Zahr³

2021

Preprint

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Simulation-based imaging (SBI) is a blood flow imaging technique that optimally fits a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to low-resolution, noisy magnetic resonance (MR) flow data to produce a high-resolution velocity field. In this work, we study the effectivity of SBI in predicting wall shear stress (WSS) relative to standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) postprocessing techniques using two synthetic numerical experiments: flow through an idealized, two-dimensional stenotic vessel and a model of an adult aorta. In particular, we study the sensitivity of these two approaches with respect to the Reynolds number of the underlying flow, the resolution of the MRI data, and the noise in the MRI data. We found that the SBI WSS reconstruction: 1) is insensitive to Reynolds number over the range considered (Re ≤ 1000), 2) improves as the amount of MRI data increases and provides accurate reconstructions with as little as three MRI voxels per diameter, and 3) degrades linearly as the noise in the data increases with a slope determined by the resolution of the MRI data. We also consider the sensitivity of SBI to the resolution of the CFD mesh and found there is flexibility in the mesh used for SBI, although the WSS reconstruction becomes more sensitive to other parameters, particularly the resolution of the MRI data, for coarser meshes. This indicates a fundamental trade-off between scan time (i.e., MRI data quality and resolution) and reconstruction time using SBI, which is inherently different than the trade-off between scan time and reconstruction quality observed in standard MRI postprocessing techniques.

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“…The pump was connected via silicone tubing (Masterflex 96410-35, Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL) to two bioreactor chambers in a parallel configuration (Figure 3). The diameter of the tubing was 0.5 in, reflecting a spatial dimension closer to that of the descending aorta [normal diameter of the aorta ranges between 0.3 ′′ and 0.6 ′′ from infant to adolescent (16)]. Other components of the flow loop (Figure 4) included a glass media bottle, flow probes (Carolina Medical Electronics Inc., NC, USA), pressure sensors, and test software (Vivitest, ViVitro Systems), used to obtain the relevant hydrodynamic data during the flow and pressure testing phase.…”

Section: Bioreactor Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiologically Relevant Fluid-Induced Oscillatory Shear Stress Stimulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhances the Engineered Valve Matrix Phenotype

Gonzalez

Perez-Nevarez

Mirza

et al. 2020

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

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Support of somatic growth is a fundamental requirement of tissue-engineered valves. However, efforts thus far have been unable to maintain this support long term. A key event that will determine the valve's long-term success is the extent to which healthy host tissue remodeling can occur on the valve soon after implantation. The construct's phenotypic-status plays a critical role in accelerating tissue remodeling and engineered valve integration with the host via chemotaxis. In the current study, human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were utilized to seed synthetic, biodegradable scaffolds for a period of 8 days in rotisserie culture. Subsequently, cell-seeded scaffolds were exposed to physiologically relevant oscillatory shear stresses (overall mean, time-averaged shear stress, ∼7.9 dynes/cm 2 ; overall mean, oscillatory shear index, ∼0.18) for an additional 2 weeks. The constructs were found to exhibit relatively augmented endothelial cell expression (CD31; compared to static controls) but concomitantly served to restrict the level of the activated smooth muscle phenotype (α-SMA) and also produced very low stem cell secretion levels of fibronectin (p < 0.05 compared to static and rotisserie controls). These findings suggest that fluid-induced oscillatory shear stresses alone are important in regulating a healthy valve phenotype of the engineered tissue matrix. Moreover, as solid stresses could lead to increased α-SMA levels, they should be excluded from conditioning during the culture process owing to their associated potential risks with pathological tissue remodeling. In conclusion, engineered valve tissues derived from mesenchymal stem cells revealed both a relatively robust valvular phenotype after exposure to physiologically relevant scales of oscillatory shear stress and may thereby serve to accelerate healthy valve tissue remodeling in the host post-implantation.

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Normal abdominal aorta diameter in infants, children and adolescents

Abstract: Optimal evaluation of aortic diameter is possible on computed tomography. Measurement outside the normal range is a sign of aneurysm or hypoplasia.

Cited by 14 publications

References 23 publications

Determining the normal effective diameter of thoracic aorta in pediatric population of India

Determining the normal effective diameter of thoracic aorta in pediatric population of India

Accurate quantification of blood flow wall shear stress using simulation-based imaging: a synthetic, comparative study

Physiologically Relevant Fluid-Induced Oscillatory Shear Stress Stimulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhances the Engineered Valve Matrix Phenotype

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