Normal Acquisition and Loss of Bone Mass

Abstract

The natural patterns of bone mass accumulation and loss with age represent the templates of individual life cycle periods that are distinguished by marked, physiologically and genetically identifiable, changes in bone mass. During the third trimester of pregnancy, maternal calcium absorption increases and the fetus accumulates about two-thirds of the total bone mass of the term infant. In early infancy, human milk calcium is derived primarily from maternal bone stores, which incur substantial bone losses that are quickly replenished during and after weaning. At puberty, a marked increase in bone mass occurs in conjunction with the initial physical and hormonal changes that characterize this stage. Calcium absorption and bone calcium deposition rates peak in females shortly before menarche. At that time, the bone calcium deposition rate is approximately five times that of adulthood. Skeletal bone mass reaches over 90% of its maximum by age 18 (earlier in females) but does not peak until age 25–30. At some point in mid-life, women experience perimenopause, the 3- to 5-year period prior to menopause during which estrogen levels begin to drop and there are marked increases in bone resorption and loss. Throughout adulthood, calcium absorption efficiency from the diet gradually declines.

Low Calcium Intake and Hypovitaminosis D Negatively Affect Oral Health in Young Men

“…Over the last two decades, several researchers have reported a decrease in milk intake together with an increase in the consumption of soft drinks, suggesting that consumption of the latter has displaced consumption of milk [1]. The results of the present report evidenced such displacement, showing an inverse correlation between daily consumption of soft drinks and CaI.…”

“…It is well documented that chronically low CaI together with low 25OHD levels have a deleterious effect on bone health, which would become manifest in adulthood. Ca and vitamin D are required to achieve optimal peak bone mass, which is not attained until the age of 25-30 years, the age range of the men studied here [1]. Both nutrients are also required in adulthood to reduce age-related bone loss.…”

“…Antonenko O 1 nutritional status. Both tooth loss and compromised diet contribute to creating a vicious circle that would seemingly increase dental caries [2][3][4].…”

“…In this regard, several studies have reported an inverse association between the consumption of certain nutrients and progressively impaired oral health [1]. In turn, tooth loss, pain and discomfort impose dietary restrictions because they reduce the ability to masticate, and consequently limit food choices, with negative consequences on…”

Bone mineral status and its relation with dietary estimates of net endogenous acid production in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents

“…Genetic factors account for an estimated 60 -80 % of the variability in adult BMD with diet, physical activity and hormonal status being important modifiable factors of bone accrual (4,5) . The role of Ca has long been recognized to be important for bone health (6,7) .…”