Normal brain in human newborns: apparent diffusion coefficient and diffusion anisotropy measured by using diffusion tensor MR imaging.

Neil, Jeff; Shiran, Shelly I.; McKinstry, Robert C.; Schefft, G. L.; Snyder, Abraham Z.; Almli, C. Robert; Akbudak, Erbil; Aronovitz, Joseph A.; Miller, Jonathan P.; Lee, B. C. P.; Conturo, Thomas E.

doi:10.1148/radiology.209.1.9769812

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“…Two or more brains have been investigated at all gestational ages, and in all cases the inter-animal variability is less than inter-age-group variability (data not shown). The diminishing gray-white contrast of D av maps with increasing gestational age is identical to the observations for the human infant (Huppi et al, 1998;Neil et al, 1998). Furthermore, the principal axis of diffusion in cerebral cortex is oriented radially, as has been shown for developing human cortex (McKinstry et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…In human infants, diffusion anisotropy is typically zero or low in regions containing unmyelinated axons, particularly during early development (Neil et al, 1998). Subsequent increases in diffusion anisotropy accompany entry of axonal fibers into a bpremyelinating stateQ (Neil et al, 1998;Fig. 6.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anisotropy is high early in development, with the preferred displacement direction oriented radially with respect to the cortical surface (Maas et al, 2004;Mori et al, 2001;Neil et al, 1998). This has been attributed to the orientation of radial glial fibers and the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, water diffusion in myelinated white matter is anisotropic. The regional changes in diffusion anisotropy within the developing white matter of the newborn brain have been well appreciated for some time (Huppi et al, 1998;Neil et al, 1998).Diffusion anisotropy has also been described within cerebral cortical gray matter in the developing human brain. Anisotropy is high early in development, with the preferred displacement direction oriented radially with respect to the cortical surface (Maas et al, 2004;Mori et al, 2001;Neil et al, 1998).…”

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Diffusion MR imaging characteristics of the developing primate brain

et al. 2005

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Diffusion-based magnetic resonance imaging holds the potential to noninvasively demonstrate cellular-scale structural properties of brain. This method was applied to fixed baboon brains ranging from 90 to 185 days gestational age to characterize the changes in diffusion properties associated with brain development. Within each image voxel, a probability-theory-based approach was employed to choose, from a group of analytic equations, the one that best expressed water displacements. The resulting expressions contain eight or fewer adjustable parameters, indicating that relatively simple expressions are sufficient to obtain a complete description of the diffusion MRI signal in developing brain. The measured diffusion parameters changed systematically with gestational age, reflecting the rich underlying microstructural changes that take place during this developmental period. These changes closely parallel those of live, developing human brain. The information obtained from this primate model of cerebral microstructure is directly applicable to studies of human development. D 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging; Diffusion anisotropy; Baboon brains; Brain development IntroductionMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly utilized in human and animal studies to provide information relating to cerebral injury and development in the newborn. Diffusion MRI, in particular, is being applied to assess brain development (Huppi et al., 1998;Neil et al., 2002;Partridge et al., 2004;Rutherford et al., 2004). Diffusion MRI provides information about the directional dependence of water displacements due to diffusion. This, in turn, reflects underlying tissue microstructure. In white matter, for example, water moving parallel to myelinated fibers can move within or between myelin layers, without crossing membranes. Water moving orthogonal to fibers, on the other hand, must either cross myelin layers or go around them. As a result, water displacements are smaller when measured orthogonal to myelinated fibers than when measured parallel to them. Thus, water diffusion in myelinated white matter is anisotropic. The regional changes in diffusion anisotropy within the developing white matter of the newborn brain have been well appreciated for some time (Huppi et al., 1998;Neil et al., 1998).Diffusion anisotropy has also been described within cerebral cortical gray matter in the developing human brain. Anisotropy is high early in development, with the preferred displacement direction oriented radially with respect to the cortical surface (Maas et al., 2004;Mori et al., 2001;Neil et al., 1998). This has been attributed to the orientation of radial glial fibers and the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells. As the brain matures, the magnitude of cortical diffusion anisotropy decreases (McKinstry et al., 2002;Mori et al., 2001), reflecting a loss in orientational coherence of cortical structures that restrict diffusion. This may be due to the elaboration of pyramidal cell basal dendrites, additio...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Diffusion MR imaging characteristics of the developing primate brain

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In vivo studies of brain development by magnetic resonance techniques

Inder

Hüppi

2000

Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev.

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Understanding of the morphological development of the human brain has largely come from neuropathological studies obtained postmortem. Magnetic resonance (MR) techniques have recently allowed the provision of detailed structural, metabolic, and functional information in vivo on the human brain. These techniques have been utilized in studies from premature infants to adults and have provided invaluable data on the sequence of normal human brain development. This article will focus on MR techniques including conventional structural MR imaging techniques, quantitative morphometric MR techniques, diffusion weighted MR techniques, and MR spectroscopy. In order to understand the potential applications and limitations of MR techniques, relevant physical and biological principles for each of the MR techniques are first reviewed. This is followed by a review of the understanding of the sequence of normal brain development utilizing these techniques. MRDD Research Reviews 6:59–67, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Developmental neuroimaging of children using magnetic resonance techniques

Rivkin¹

2000

Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev.

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Cognitive and motor development in children remain fascinating processes that are uniquely human. Progress has been made in recent years in elucidating the prenatal process of human brain development. In addition, much information exists regarding the behavioral aspects of postnatal human development. However, little is known about the relationship between anatomic postnatal central nervous system development and the accretion of functional milestones observed in children from the neonatal period through adolescence. Recently, powerful qualitative and quantitative magnetic resonance techniques have been developed that will permit detailed inquiry into the connection between the developing brain and the developing mind. In this review, first, the steps of prenatal and postnatal brain development are reviewed briefly. Subsequently, recent magnetic resonance imaging data related to human brain development during the fetal, neonatal, and later childhood periods are presented. Finally, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is discussed. Specific examples of its usefulness are provided. Magnetic resonance imaging techniques such as quantitative MRI, volumetric MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) when combined with neurologic and neuropsychologic evaluation, will provide new insights into the cognitive development of children. MRDD Research Reviews 6:68–80, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Normal brain in human newborns: apparent diffusion coefficient and diffusion anisotropy measured by using diffusion tensor MR imaging.

Abstract: The D values primarily reflect overall brain water content. The A sigma values are more sensitive to tissue microstructure (e.g., white matter packing and myelination). The D and A sigma images reveal information and not apparent on T1- and T2-weighted images.

Cited by 609 publications

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Diffusion MR imaging characteristics of the developing primate brain

Diffusion MR imaging characteristics of the developing primate brain

In vivo studies of brain development by magnetic resonance techniques

Developmental neuroimaging of children using magnetic resonance techniques

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