Normal Development of the Tibiofemoral Angle in Children: A Clinical Study of 590 Normal Subjects From 3 to 17 Years of Age

Arazi, Mehmet; Öğün, Tunç Cevat; Memik, Recep

doi:10.1097/01241398-200103000-00027

Cited by 61 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…6 In Tallinn (Estonia), secondgrade schoolchildren (8-9y;n=4427) have IMD approximately 0.3cm, but 1.78% of them have still IMD≥5cm (unpublished data, 2016). It shows the lasting problem, which may cause functional disturbances as altered gait pattern, postural instability, and difficulties in standing, walking, running, and stair climbing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,6,16,23,24 The average TFA value at the age of 7-8 years is 4-8°, 6,16 and if it is ≥8°, it should be considered abnormal and further evaluation should be necessary. 16 In our study in first study period children had essentially higher TFA values in all six measurement points, which might be explained by obesity, height, and increased tone and stiffness of m. tensor fascia latae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Physiological GV in childhood have IMD of up to 8cm, the greatest distance being observed between 3 and 4 years, 5 disappearing gradually after the age of 7-8 years. 6 If the longitudinal axis of the knee joint is not aligned by then, and the IMD is more than 5cm, 7 physiotherapeutic intervention is called for. The degree of GV has a significant effect on the development of growing pains 8 and orthrosis because the imposed loads are no longer equally distributed between the outer and the inner halves of the knee.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of garment with elastic straps and pressure applicator in mechanotherapy to correct children’s genu valgum

Tamm

Linkberg

Vaher

et al. 2018

IPMRJ

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Objective: Genu valgum (GV), also known as valgus knee, or knock-knee, is a common orthopaedic condition in growing children. Physiological genu valgum have intermalleolar distance of up to 8 cm, the greatest distance being observed between 3 and 4 years, disappearing gradually after the age of 7-8 years. If the longitudinal axis of the knee joint is not aligned by then, physiotherapeutic intervention is called for. Aim:The aim of our study was to determine if garment with elastic straps and pressure applicator could be used in mechanotherapy to correct children's excessive GV. Methods:The study has lasted last 6 years and there has been three study periods. In all study-periods, practical part lasted six months. Inclusion criterias were: subjects were not involved in physical therapy and did not wear orthoses during the study. Once in every month myometric values (tone, biomechanical and viscoelastic properties of m. sartorius, tensor fasciae latae, semitendinosus, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius caput mediale, m. peroneus longus) were determined with MyotonPro (Myoton AS, Estonia); anthropometric (height, body mass, intermalleolar distance), and goniometric (tibiofemoral angle) parameters were measured according to the standard technique. During the last three months children didn't wear garment and final measurement was done to evaluate long term effect of garment. Individual analysis was carried out to evaluate the results. Results:After wearing the garments with pressure and elastic components the changes in the lower limb joint alignment and biomechanical parameters promoted the correction of GV position. Three months after the wearing period the changes occurred the worsening of GV position, which indicates that the muscles could not maintain the condition achieved by wearing the garment. Conclusion:The relationship between applied mechano therapeutic stimulus and changes in the lower limb joint alignment and changes of the biomechanical parameters are individual. Study continues with upgrading a device where a new solution is found using digital technology to measure tensile strength at a desired period.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of garment with elastic straps and pressure applicator in mechanotherapy to correct children’s genu valgum

Tamm

Linkberg

Vaher

et al. 2018

IPMRJ

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“…The IC and IM distance in millimetres was measured with an inside calliper using the method described by Arazi et al [18].…”

Section: The Wrd (New Method)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of a Device for Clinical Measurement of Frontal Tibiofemoral Alignment

Giersbergen¹,

Bellemans²,

Moens³

et al. 2012

OJO

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Study Design: A prospective instrumental study design. Objectives: In this study, the validity of a device was investigated. Background: Frontal tibiofemoral malalignment is a predisposing factor for developing gonarthrosis. In a previous study a repositioning device was developed to clinically measure frontal tibiofemoral alignment. This device appeared to be more accurate than the conventional method. Case Description: This study has examined three types of measurement: conventional method, repositioning device and a bilateral full-leg standing radiograph (Rx). We compared the results of the repositioning device and the conventional method to Rx. To determine the validity of the new repositioning device, n = 41 patients under 18 years of age were included in this study. They all underwent a standing Rx in their history. Outcome: In our study we found a negative correlation between the repositioning device and the already known Rx. Conclusion: The repositioning device was validated, but is not accurate enough to replace Rx. However, physiotherapists can use this device to obtain a more accurate clinical measurement of frontal tibiofemoral alignment.

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“…Children generally present with a varus knee angle at birth [2][3][4]. However, the results from previous studies on TFA developmental patterns and values suggest that racial differences are present [2,[4][5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the tibiofemoral angle in a cohort of Nigerian children during the first 3 years of life

Oyewole

Akinpelu

Odole

2013

Journal of Children's Orthopaedics

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Purpose Findings from cross-sectional studies of knee angle development in Nigerian children vary in values and in the age at which the varus angle changes to the valgus angle. This study was conducted to describe knee angle development and to determine the age when the knee angle changes from the varus to the valgus angle. Methods This was a longitudinal survey of 152 Nigerian children recruited within 3 weeks of life and followed up monthly until age 3 years. Their knee angle was measured using clinical methods. Results The mean tibio-femoral/varus knee angle (13.2 ± 3.8°) at birth-3 weeks of life decreased sharply to 5.6 ± 0.7°at 9 months, increased slightly to 6.3 ± 1.1°at 13 months, and then decreased again up to age 18 months (0.3 ± 2.1°). The mean valgus knee angle increased from -2.4 ± 2.5°at 19 months of life to -8.5 ± 2.5°a t 27 months and then decreased to -7.7 ± 2.2°at 36 months. Intercondylar/intermalleolar distances (ICD/ IMD) showed a similar pattern, changing from an extreme varus knee (ICD) at birth-3 weeks of life (2.5 ± 0.7 cm), decreasing to 0.6 ± 0.2 cm at 9 months, increasing to 0.8 ± 0.5 cm at 12 months, and decreasing to 0.1 ± 0.4 cm at 15 months. The mean IMD increased from -0.1 ± 0.8 cm at 16 months of life to -2.0 ± 1.5 cm at 29 months and then decreased up to 36 months. Our tri-modal analysis showed that the transition from the varus to the valgus angle was between 18 and 19 months. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the developmental pattern of the knee angle in Nigerian children is at maximal varus at birth, neutral at 18 months of life, and valgus at 19 months, with the valgus angle continuing to increase up to 36 months.

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Normal Development of the Tibiofemoral Angle in Children: A Clinical Study of 590 Normal Subjects From 3 to 17 Years of Age

Cited by 61 publications

References 11 publications

Development of garment with elastic straps and pressure applicator in mechanotherapy to correct children’s genu valgum

Development of garment with elastic straps and pressure applicator in mechanotherapy to correct children’s genu valgum

Validation of a Device for Clinical Measurement of Frontal Tibiofemoral Alignment

Development of the tibiofemoral angle in a cohort of Nigerian children during the first 3 years of life

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