Normal fetal thyroid volume

Ho, S.; Metreweli, C.

doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1998.11020118.x

Cited by 56 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Perhaps the most complete set of reference ranks for a normal fetal thyroid circumference, however, are those published by Ranzini et al 9 and Ho and Metreweli. 10 Both groups published nomograms on fetal thyroid volume, describing reliable normal ranks that are remarkably similar to those described in this report. The size of the gland under normal conditions has been described consistently by other authors.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…5 Current research in this field is focused on biochemical determinations rather than imaging techniques. 6 Few published reports mention the use of sonography and color Doppler imaging [7][8][9] and also show that volumetric calculations based on 2-dimensional (2D) images have been evaluated [10][11][12][13] as potentially useful tools. Our aim was to try a new approach, using the 3-dimensional power Doppler (3DPD) signal for quantifying vascularization inside the mass, and to use it as a potential indicator of diminishing perfusion and regression of the goiter.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of 3-Dimensional Sonography for Prenatal Evaluation and Follow-up of Fetal Goitrous Hypothyroidism

Marín

Bello-Muñoz²,

Martínez³

et al. 2010

Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine

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Objective. Fetal goitrous hypothyroidism is a rare and potentially lethal condition. Consequently, its early diagnosis and treatment improve prognosis. Thyroid hormone measurement in either fetal serum or amniotic fluid implies important risks. Here we present a fetal goiter and the follow-up procedure, both done by the traditional method and by using 3-dimensional power Doppler (3DPD) imaging and virtual organ computer-aided analysis (VOCAL). Methods. A single well-documented case of fetal goiter was followed weekly from 22 weeks until delivery. Amniocentesis for thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (T 4 ) measurement as well as levothyroxine injections were performed at every control. In addition to amniocentesis, every control involved a sonographic evaluation, which included standard measurements of the gland and the capture of volume image sets in gray scale and 3DPD. Volume calculation of the gland was done using VOCAL software. Vascularization of the gland was evaluated by the vascularization index (VI) included in the software. Results. With treatment, TSH levels decreased progressively until normalization. Free T 4 levels increased toward the end of gestation. Sonographic measurements of the gland volume to estimated fetal weight ratio decreased across treatment as levels of TSH did. The VI clearly depicted the vascular regression of the goiter, decreasing throughout treatment in a consistent way until 24 hours before delivery. Conclusions. Gray scale and 3DPD evaluations of the thyroid gland have been validated under similar circumstances and might be reliable complements to the invasive methods used in the management of this fetal condition.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of 3-Dimensional Sonography for Prenatal Evaluation and Follow-up of Fetal Goitrous Hypothyroidism

Marín

Bello-Muñoz²,

Martínez³

et al. 2010

Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine

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“…12 There are several published nomograms of fetal thyroid size. [7][8][9] Comparison of the thyroid circumference nomogram between ours and those previously published 7-9 reveals some differences; variations in study design, methods of data analysis, and patient profiles (racial and ethnic composition) are the likely reasons for this disparity. The nomogram of Bromley et al 7 included patients between 20 and 40 weeks' gestation and was based on a single thyroid measurement of the thyroid circumference and thyroid width, with a superimposed 95th percentile line.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…These include sample size (31 patients), 7 a complicated formula for volume estimation, 8 and thyroid size estimation performed by only 1 observer. 9 In addition, only gestational agebased data have been presented previously, which require reliable gestational age dating. Therefore, the present study was designed to generate gestational age-dependent and -independent nomograms for fetal thyroid measurements in a large population so that a fetal goiter can be diagnosed in an objective manner in those at risk for fetal thyroid enlargement.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonography of the fetal thyroid: nomograms based on biparietal diameter and gestational age.

Ranzini

Ananth

Smulian

et al. 2001

J of Ultrasound Medicine

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Objective: To describe gestational age-dependent and -independent nomograms for fetal thyroid size. Methods. Two hundred fetuses were evaluated between 16 and 37 weeks' gestation in this crosssectional study. Results. Nomograms of fetal thyroid size were created by using the 5th, 10th, 50th, 90th, and 95th percentiles based on biparietal diameter and gestational age. A second-order polynomial fit for biparietal diameter and a linear fit for gestational age best described thyroid circumference measurements. Variations in thyroid circumference measurements increased with both larger biparietal diameter and advancing gestational age. There was no intraobserver or interobserver variability in thyroid circumference measurements (P > .20). Conclusions. Both biparietal diameter and gestational age serve as good predictors of fetal thyroid circumference. When the biparietal diameter is difficult to measure, gestational age can be used to assess thyroid size.

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“…18 ! 18 mm and estimated volume was 10 cm 3 . Subsequently, fetal thyroid function was assessed by umbilical fetal blood sampling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Invasive Management of Fetal Goiter during Maternal Treatment of Hyperthyroidism in Grave’s Disease

Lembet¹,

Eroğlu²,

Kinik

et al. 2005

Fetal Diagn Ther

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There is an increased risk of fetal goiter in patients who have a history of Grave’s disease and undergo propylthiouracil (PTU) treatment during pregnancy. In this report, we describe a case of a fetal goiter detected by antenatal ultrasound at the 26th week of gestation in a mother treated with PTU for Grave’s disease. A 32 × 38 × 20 mm fetal goiter was detected, each lobe measured 30 × 18 × 18 mm and estimated volume was 10 cm³. Subsequently, fetal thyroid function was assessed by umbilical fetal blood sampling. Cord blood showed elevated serum TSH (40.2 mU/l) and normal concentrations of free T4 (9.5 pmol/l) and free T3 (2.6 pmol/l). There were no other ultrasonographic signs of fetal hypothyroidism. Based on the above findings, the mother’s PTU dosage was reduced to 50 mg daily from a total of 150 mg and weekly ultrasonographic examinations were performed. Six weeks after the initial ultrasound, a complete regression of the fetal goiter was noted. At the 34th week of gestation, the patient was delivered due to intrauterine growth restriction and oligohydramnios and gave birth to a male, weighing 1,920 g. The newborn thyroid was not palpable and thyroid ultrasonography was normal. Cord blood TSH was normal (8.4 mU/l) and free T4 was within lower normal limit (9.03 pmol/l). Ten days later, newborn thyroid function was normal and the baby did well afterwards. In conclusion, after the evaluation of fetal thyroid status, selected cases with fetal goiter can be initially managed without intrauterine treatment.

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Normal fetal thyroid volume

Cited by 56 publications

References 21 publications

Use of 3-Dimensional Sonography for Prenatal Evaluation and Follow-up of Fetal Goitrous Hypothyroidism

Use of 3-Dimensional Sonography for Prenatal Evaluation and Follow-up of Fetal Goitrous Hypothyroidism

Ultrasonography of the fetal thyroid: nomograms based on biparietal diameter and gestational age.

Non-Invasive Management of Fetal Goiter during Maternal Treatment of Hyperthyroidism in Grave’s Disease

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