Normal gravity field in relativistic geodesy

Abstract

Modern geodesy is subject to a dramatic change from the Newtonian paradigm to Einstein's theory of general relativity. This is motivated by the ongoing advance in development of quantum sensors for applications in geodesy including quantum gravimeters and gradientometers, atomic clocks and fiber optics for making ultra-precise measurements of the geoid and multipolar structure of the Earth's gravitational field. At the same time, Very Long Baseline Interferometry, Satellite Laser Ranging and Global Navigation Satellite System have achieved an unprecedented level of accuracy in measuring 3-d coordinates of the reference points of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame and the world height system. The main geodetic reference standard to which gravimetric measurements of the of Earth's gravitational field are referred, is a normal gravity field represented in the Newtonian gravity by the field of a uniformly rotating, homogeneous Maclaurin ellipsoid which mass and quadrupole momentum are equal to the total mass and (tide-free) quadrupole moment of the Earth gravitational field. The present paper extends the concept of the normal gravity field from the Newtonian theory to the realm of general relativity. We focus our attention on the calculation of the post-Newtonian approximation of the normal field that is sufficient for current and near-future practical applications. We show that in general relativity the level surface of homogeneous and uniformly rotating fluid is no longer described by the Maclaurin ellipsoid in the most general case but represents an axisymmetric spheroid of the fourth order with respect to the geodetic Cartesian coordinates. At the same time, admitting a post-Newtonian inhomogeneity of the mass density in the form of concentric elliptical shells allows to preserve the level surface of the fluid as an exact ellipsoid of rotation. We parametrize the mass density distribution and the level surface with two parameters which are intrinsically connected to the existence of the residual gauge freedom, and derive the post-Newtonian normal gravity field of the rotating spheroid both inside and outside of the rotating fluid body. The normal gravity field is given, similarly to the Newtonian gravity, in a closed form by a finite number of the ellipsoidal harmonics. We employ transformation from the ellipsoidal to spherical coordinates to deduce a more conventional post-Newtonian multipolar expansion of scalar and vector gravitational potentials of the rotating spheroid. We compare these expansions with that of the normal gravity field generated by the Kerr metric and demonstrate that the Kerr metric has a fairly limited application in relativistic geodesy as it does not match the normal gravity field of the Maclaurin ellipsoid already in the Newtonian limit. We derive the post-Newtonian generalization of the Somigliana formula for the normal gravity field measured on the surface of the rotating spheroid and employed in practical work for measuring the Earth gravitational field anomalies. Finally, ...

Preliminary experimental results of determining the geopotential difference between two synchronized portable hydrogen clocks at different locations

“…Precise determination of the Earth's geopotential field and orthometric height (OH) is a main task in geodesy (Mazurova et al, 2017(Mazurova et al, , 2012. With rapid development of time and frequency science, highprecision atomic clock manufacturing technology (Bloom et al, 2014;Hinkley et al, 2013;McGrew et al, 2018) provides an alternative way to precisely determine the geopotentials and OHs, which has been extensively discussed in recent years (Bondarescu et al, 2012;Lion et al, 2017;Shen et al, 2016Shen et al, , 2018, and opening a new era of time-frequency geoscience (Kopeikin et al, 2018;Shen et al, 2019).…”