Normal sleep and sleep disorders in adults and children.

Abstract

Sleep is a physical state that involves the suspension of voluntary bodily functions and complete or partial suspension of consciousness. It normally occurs as a fundamental part of a natural, cycling pattern of sleep and wakefulness. A more detailed examination of the sleep-wakefulness cycle, using an electroencephalograph (EEC) analysis, reveals that mammalian behavior involves three distinct, readily identifiable behavioral states: wakefulness (W), nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. If the normal balance among these three behavioral states is altered, a person begins to report the result as symptoms of a sleep disorder. Disruption of the accustomed sleep pattern can result from environmental change, psychological disturbance, pharmacological agents,We thank James M. Raczynski for his careful editing of the original draft; Jerri Beck for her organization and creativity; Arren Graf for the support and initial editing during the early and later versions of this chapter; and Len Shigley, whose support and suggestions in dealing with references were invaluable.

Prevalence of enuresis in a community sample of children and adolescents referred for outpatient clinical psychological evaluation: Psychiatric comorbidities and association with intellectual functioning

“…The condition may be presumed to be more common among younger children, with resolution of symptoms in the vast majority of cases by puberty (Pegram et al 2004). Prevalence rates for enuresis are estimated to be approximately 5-10% among children aged 5 years, 3-5% among children aged 10 years, and 1% among children aged 15 years and older (American Psychiatric Association 2000).…”