Normalising and assessing carbon emissions in the building sector: A review on the embodied CO 2  emissions of residential buildings

Chastas, Panagiotis; Theodosiou, Theodoros; Kontoleon, Karolos J.; Bikas, Dimitrios

doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.12.032

Cited by 167 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…In a primary analysis, results for total carbon emissions were found to lie within the range 348.5-6485 kgCO 2 eq/m 2 when assuming a 50-year service life for the building, with the embodied emissions varying between 128 and 1350 kgCO 2 eq/m 2 and the operational emissions between 97.5 and 6032 kgCO 2 eq/m 2 . An earlier survey by De Wolf [53] resulted in the embodied carbon emissions for residential buildings lying within the range 250-750 kgCO 2 eq/m 2 , which falls within the range calculated by Chastas et al [52]. Moreover, the range of embodied emissions for residential buildings is close to that of office buildings, if the ranges of previous surveys by Clark [54] (300-1650 kgCO 2 eq/m 2 ) and De Wolf [53,55] (200-1000 kgCO 2 eq/m 2 ) are considered.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

“…These results have been compared to other studies that focus on the CF of residential buildings in order to check their reliability. The first reference study was published by Chastas et al [52], who evaluated the embodied energy of 95 residential buildings, of which 64% where located in Europe, 13% in America, 16% in Australia and 7% in Asia, all of which were built between 1998 and 2017. For the embodied energy assessment, they used a cradle-to-site LCA analysis, that is, the A1-A5 life-cycle phases, which correspond to manufacturing (A1-A3) and construction (A4-A5).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a second normalization step of their assessment, Chastas et al [52] apply restrictions to the system boundaries and the reference area, which results in a final sample of 31 case studies, whose total carbon emissions lie within the range 517.5-4475 kgCO 2 eq/m 2 for a 50-year lifespan, with embodied emissions decreasing to 179.3-1050 kgCO 2 eq/m 2 . This decrease indicates that the second normalization step increased the homogeneity of the sample and the potential comparability between case studies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbon Footprint Estimation Tool for Residential Buildings for Non-Specialized Users: OERCO2 Project

et al. 2018

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Existing tools for environmental certification of buildings are failing in their ability to reach the general public and to create social awareness, since they require not only specialized knowledge regarding construction and energy sources, but also environmental knowledge. In this paper, an open-source online tool for the estimation of the carbon footprint of residential buildings by non-specialized users is presented as a product from the OERCO2 Erasmus + project. The internal calculations, data management and operation of this tool are extensively explained. The ten most common building typologies built in the last decade in Spain are analysed by using the OERCO2 tool, and the order of magnitude of the results is analysed by comparing them to the ranges determined by other authors. The OERCO2 tool proves itself to be reliable, with its results falling within the defined logical value ranges. Moreover, the major simplification of the interface allows non-specialized users to evaluate the sustainability of buildings. Further research is oriented towards its inclusion in other environmental certification tools and in Building Information Modeling (BIM) environments.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbon Footprint Estimation Tool for Residential Buildings for Non-Specialized Users: OERCO2 Project

et al. 2018

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“…To meet this demand, developed countries such as the US, UK, Germany, and South Korea are evaluating the life cycle embodied environmental impacts associated with construction materials, according to the criteria stipulated in their respective building codes and green building certification systems [8,[25][26][27][28][29][30]. Alongside this, some researchers have presented new approaches for effectively evaluating a building's life cycle embodied environmental impacts, and have conducted various case studies in an attempt to reduce these [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. For example, Huang et al [31] explored building material consumption and the embodied greenhouses gases emission from buildings constructed in Shanghai through life cycle assessment (LCA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Malmqvist et al [35] collected a comprehensive overview of quantitative reduction potentials of the embodied greenhouses gases reduction strategies, which should be considered by the stakeholders engaged in, and with the capacity to influence the outcome of, individual building projects. Chastas et al [36] normalized the embodied CO 2 emissions of residential buildings in their review of prior case studies on embodied environmental impact. Li et al [37] presented and analyzed a system for evaluating the embodied CO 2 emissions of residential buildings in China.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probabilistic Analysis of Major Construction Materials in the Life Cycle Embodied Environmental Cost of Korean Apartment Buildings

et al. 2019

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This study employs probabilistic analysis to evaluate the life cycle embodied environmental cost of Korean apartment buildings, with a focus on six major construction materials. To this end, the bill of materials was analyzed for 443 Korean apartment buildings according to the type and plan form, and probability density functions (PDFs) were established for the input quantities of the six materials under consideration. Life cycle scenarios were then examined for each material, and their respective life cycle embodied environmental cost factors were established, using a monetary valuation-based damage cost life cycle analysis model. The estimated environmental costs were evaluated by apartment structural type and plan form, based on probability distributions using the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). Building life cycle embodied environmental cost was estimated between 16.87 USD/m2 and 23.03 USD/m2 (90% confidence interval). Among the structure types analyzed, the highest costs were associated with the wall structure, followed by rigid frame and flat plate structures; at the plan form level, costs followed the sequence plate-type > mixed-type > tower type for a given type of structure.

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Does economic progress and electricity price induce electricity demand: A new appraisal in context of Tunisia

Talbi

Jebli

Bashir

et al. 2020

Journal of Public Affairs

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This article discusses the residential electricity (RE) demand in Tunisia as a function of household disposable real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the price of electricity (PE) and the degree of urbanization (U) spanning the period 1980–2018. To do that, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound model and Granger causality test are employed to examine the influencing factors of the changes in RE demand, and to discuss the directions of short and long‐run causalities among the variables. The empirical result shows that all variables are integrated of order one, I (1). The Fisher statistics of the Wald test confirms that variables are cointegrated. Long‐run elasticities suggest that, in the long‐run, electricity price and urbanization have a significant and positive impact on RE demand, while real GDP contributes insignificantly to the decrease of RE demand in Tunisia. Granger causality empirics suggests that in short run, there is bidirectional causality between RE demand and electricity price, and between RE demand and urbanization, and a unidirectional causality from real GDP and urbanization to electricity price, and from real GDP to urbanization.

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Normalising and assessing carbon emissions in the building sector: A review on the embodied CO 2 emissions of residential buildings

Cited by 167 publications

References 87 publications

Carbon Footprint Estimation Tool for Residential Buildings for Non-Specialized Users: OERCO2 Project

Carbon Footprint Estimation Tool for Residential Buildings for Non-Specialized Users: OERCO2 Project

Probabilistic Analysis of Major Construction Materials in the Life Cycle Embodied Environmental Cost of Korean Apartment Buildings

Does economic progress and electricity price induce electricity demand: A new appraisal in context of Tunisia

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