Normalizing Flow based Hidden Markov Models for Classification of Speech Phones with Explainability

Abstract

In pursuit of explainability, we develop generative models for sequential data. The proposed models provide state-of-the-art classification results and robust performance for speech phone classification. We combine modern neural networks (normalizing flows) and traditional generative models (hidden Markov models -HMMs). Normalizing flow-based mixture models (NMMs) are used to model the conditional probability distribution given the hidden state in the HMMs. Model parameters are learned through judicious combinations of time-tested Bayesian learning methods and contemporary neural network learning methods. We mainly combine expectation-maximization (EM) and mini-batch gradient descent. The proposed generative models can compute likelihood of a data and hence directly suitable for maximum-likelihood (ML) classification approach. Due to structural flexibility of HMMs, we can use different normalizing flow models. This leads to different types of HMMs providing diversity in data modeling capacity. The diversity provides an opportunity for easy decision fusion from different models. For a standard speech phone classification setup involving 39 phones (classes) and the TIMIT dataset, we show that the use of standard features called mel-frequency-cepstral-coeffcients (MFCCs), the proposed generative models, and the decision fusion together can achieve 86.6% accuracy by generative training only. This result is close to state-of-the-art results, for examples, 86.2% accuracy of PyTorch-Kaldi toolkit [1], and 85.1% accuracy using light gated recurrent units [2]. We do not use any discriminative learning approach and related sophisticated features in this article.

Neural HMMs are all you need (for high-quality attention-free TTS)

“…Future work includes stronger network architectures, e.g., based on transformers [46], and/or a separate post-net like in [30]. It also seems compelling to combine neural HMMs with powerful distribution families such as normalising flows, either replacing the Gaussian assumption (as done for non-neural HMMs in [47]) or as a probabilistic post-net like in [22]. This might allow the naturalness of sampled speech to surpass that of deterministic output generation.…”