Normative data for adiponectin, resistin, interleukin 6, and leptin/receptor ratio in a healthy Spanish pediatric population: relationship with sex steroids

on behalf of the IDEFICS consortium OBJECTIVE: To establish age-and sex-specific reference values for serum leptin and adiponectin in normal-weight 3.0-8.9-year old European children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Blood samples for hormone analysis were taken from 1338 children of the IDEFICS (Identification and prevention of Dietary-and lifestyle-induced health Effects in Children and infantS) study cohort. Only normal-weight children aged 3.0-8.9 years were included (n = 539) in our analysis. Using the General Additive Model for Location Scale and Shape, age-and sex-specific percentiles were derived. The influence of under/overweight and obesity on the proposed reference curves based on normal-weight children was investigated in several sensitivity analyses using the sample without obese children (n = 1015) and the whole study sample (n = 1338). RESULTS: There was a negative age trend of adiponectin blood levels and a positive trend of leptin levels in boys and girls. Percentiles derived for girls were generally higher than those obtained for boys. The corresponding age-specific differences of the 97th percentile ranged from − 2.2 to 4.6 μg ml − 1 and from 2.2 to 4.8 ng ml − 1 for adiponectin and leptin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: According to our knowledge, these are the first reference values of leptin and adiponectin in prepubertal, normal-weight children. The presented adiponectin and leptin reference curves may allow for a more differentiated interpretation of children's hormone levels in epidemiological and clinical studies.

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“…5 In our Data of parameters with skewed distributions are presented as median (25th, 75th percentile).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Levels of leptin are related to body fat mass and fat distribution, and they change during puberty. 5 According to recent findings, leptin may be a link between obesity and metabolic disorders. 6 It is known that leptin deficiency leads to obesity, but also to diabetes and to reproductive dysfunction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference values for leptin and adiponectin in children below the age of 10 based on the IDEFICS cohort

et al. 2014

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“…En sujetos de edad pediátrica, se ha reportado diferencia significativa entre eutróficos y obesos [11][12][13][19][20][21][22] y se ha encontrado correlación positiva entre resistina e IMC 9,19,21 , relación que es considerada por algunos autores como fuerte e independiente de la edad, género y estadio puberal, en obesos 22 . Por el contrario, se ha reportado que no existe diferencia significativa en los niveles de resistina entre eutróficos y obesos 1,3,5,9,23,[24][25][26] o correlación entre ambas variables 1,23,25,27 .…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…A fin de explicar las diferencias encontradas entre géneros en los niveles de resistina, se ha sugerido que la vía de señalización involucrada en su control, podría ser distinta en cada género 11 y los niveles más elevados observados en el femenino estarían relacionados con los cambios de su masa grasa corporal 27 . Los resultados de esta investigación, muestran diferencia significativa entre géneros en el grupo de eutróficos, presentando el femenino el nivel de resistina más elevado.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Algunos investigadores han encontrado incremento en los niveles de resistina durante el desarrollo puberal, que se correlaciona con cambios en los niveles de estrógenos (en niñas obesas) y testosterona (en niños delgados y obesos) 9 sin embargo, otros no han podido establecer esta correlación 27 . También se ha reportado niveles más elevados en adolescentes, sin importar su estado nutricional 13 y niveles de resistina sin cambios significativos en los primeros estadios puberales en sujetos sanos, pero que en el estadio V se incrementan significativamente con un efecto más marcado en el género femenino 27 . Algunos investigadores han conseguido niveles mayores en los pre-púberes con disminución en cada estadío de Tanner 11 .…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

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Asociación de la resistina con variables de dimensión y composición corporal en eutróficos y obesos

et al. 2016

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Leptin: Master Regulator of Biological Functions that Affects Breathing

Gauda

Conde

Bassi

et al. 2020

Comprehensive Physiology

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Obesity is a global epidemic in developed countries accounting for many of the metabolic and cardiorespiratory morbidities that occur in adults. These morbidities include type 2 diabetes, sleepdisordered breathing (SDB), obstructive sleep apnea, chronic intermittent hypoxia, and hypertension. Leptin, produced by adipocytes, is a master regulator of metabolism and of many other biological functions including central and peripheral circuits that control breathing. By binding to receptors on cells and neurons in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and carotid body, leptin links energy and metabolism to breathing. In this comprehensive article, we review the central and peripheral locations of leptin's actions that affect cardiorespiratory responses during health and disease, with a particular focus on obesity, SDB, and its effects during early development. Obesityinduced hyperleptinemia is associated with centrally mediated hypoventilation with decrease CO 2 sensitivity. On the other hand, hyperleptinemia augments peripheral chemoreflexes to hypoxia and induces sympathoexcitation. Thus, "leptin resistance" in obesity is relative. We delineate the circuits responsible for these divergent effects, including signaling pathways. We review the unique effects of leptin during development on organogenesis, feeding behavior, and cardiorespiratory responses, and how undernutrition and overnutrition during critical periods of development can lead to cardiorespiratory comorbidities in adulthood. We conclude with suggestions for future directions to improve our understanding of leptin dysregulation and associated clinical diseases and possible therapeutic targets. Lastly, we briefly discuss the yin and the yang, specifically the contribution of relative adiponectin deficiency in adults with hyperleptinemia to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disease.

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Normative data for adiponectin, resistin, interleukin 6, and leptin/receptor ratio in a healthy Spanish pediatric population: relationship with sex steroids

Cited by 78 publications

References 39 publications

Reference values for leptin and adiponectin in children below the age of 10 based on the IDEFICS cohort

Reference values for leptin and adiponectin in children below the age of 10 based on the IDEFICS cohort

Asociación de la resistina con variables de dimensión y composición corporal en eutróficos y obesos

Leptin: Master Regulator of Biological Functions that Affects Breathing

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