Normative data on regional sweat-sodium concentrations of professional male team-sport athletes

Ranchordas, Mayur; Tiller, Nicholas B.; Ramchandani, Girish; Jutley, Raj; Blow, Andrew; Tye, Jonny; Drury, Ben

doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0197-4

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…There are limited sport-specific WBSR or sweat [Na + ] normative data in the literature; to our knowledge, only one previous study exists (Ranchordas et al, 2017). In this study, the researchers analyzed the forearm sweat [Na + ] of 696 male team-sport athletes via pilocarpine iontophoresis (Ranchordas et al, 2017). No WBSR data were reported, but the authors found sweat [Na + ] was significantly greater in American football, basketball, and baseball than soccer and rugby.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normative data for sweating rate, sweat sodium concentration, and sweat sodium loss in athletes: An update and analysis by sport

Barnes

Anderson

Stofan

et al. 2019

Journal of Sports Sciences

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The purpose of this study was to expand our previously published sweat normative data/analysis (n = 506) to establish sport-specific normative data for whole-body sweating rate (WBSR), sweat [Na + ], and rate of sweat Na + loss (RSSL). Data from 1303 athletes were compiled from observational testing (2000-2017) using a standardized absorbent sweat patch technique to determine local sweat [Na + ] and normalized to whole-body sweat [Na + ]. WBSR was determined from change in exercise body mass, corrected for food/fluid intake and urine/stool loss. RSSL was the product of sweat [Na + ] and WBSR. There were significant differences between sports for WBSR, with highest losses in American football (1.51 ± 0.70 L/h), then endurance (1.28 ± 0.57 L/h), followed by basketball (0.95 ± 0.42 L/h), soccer (0.94 ± 0.38 L/h) and baseball (0.83 ± 0.34 L/h). For RSSL, American football (55.9 ± 36.8 mmol/h) and endurance (51.7 ± 27.8 mmol/h) were greater than soccer (34.6 ± 19.2 mmol/h), basketball (34.5 ± 21.2 mmol/h), and baseball (27.2 ± 14.7 mmol/h). After ANCOVA, significant between-sport differences in adjusted means for WBSR and RSSL remained. In summary, due to the significant sport-specific variation in WBSR and RSSL, American football and endurance have the greatest need for deliberate hydration strategies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normative data for sweating rate, sweat sodium concentration, and sweat sodium loss in athletes: An update and analysis by sport

Barnes

Anderson

Stofan

et al. 2019

Journal of Sports Sciences

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“…Unequivocally, post-exercise urine output decreases as the drink sodium concentration increases; sodium intake should, therefore, ideally equal the concentration of sodium lost in sweat. The sodium content of commercial sports drinks (~20–25 mmol·L − 1 ; 460–575 mg·L − 1 ) is lower than that typically lost in sweat [83, 84] and should, therefore, be considered a conservative target. There is little research on the suggested rate of fluid intake, but the available data indicate that slow consumption (i.e., over several hours) will maximize the effectiveness of a rehydration strategy.…”

Section: Considerations For Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing

Tiller

Roberts

Beasley

et al. 2019

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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106

137

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Background In this Position Statement, the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review of the literature pertinent to nutritional considerations for training and racing in single-stage ultra-marathon. Recommendations for Training. i) Ultra-marathon runners should aim to meet the caloric demands of training by following an individualized and periodized strategy, comprising a varied, food-first approach; ii) Athletes should plan and implement their nutrition strategy with sufficient time to permit adaptations that enhance fat oxidative capacity; iii) The evidence overwhelmingly supports the inclusion of a moderate-to-high carbohydrate diet (i.e., ~ 60% of energy intake, 5–8 g·kg− 1·d− 1) to mitigate the negative effects of chronic, training-induced glycogen depletion; iv) Limiting carbohydrate intake before selected low-intensity sessions, and/or moderating daily carbohydrate intake, may enhance mitochondrial function and fat oxidative capacity. Nevertheless, this approach may compromise performance during high-intensity efforts; v) Protein intakes of ~ 1.6 g·kg− 1·d− 1 are necessary to maintain lean mass and support recovery from training, but amounts up to 2.5 g.kg− 1·d− 1 may be warranted during demanding training when calorie requirements are greater; Recommendations for Racing. vi) To attenuate caloric deficits, runners should aim to consume 150–400 Kcal·h− 1 (carbohydrate, 30–50 g·h− 1; protein, 5–10 g·h− 1) from a variety of calorie-dense foods. Consideration must be given to food palatability, individual tolerance, and the increased preference for savory foods in longer races; vii) Fluid volumes of 450–750 mL·h− 1 (~ 150–250 mL every 20 min) are recommended during racing. To minimize the likelihood of hyponatraemia, electrolytes (mainly sodium) may be needed in concentrations greater than that provided by most commercial products (i.e., > 575 mg·L− 1 sodium). Fluid and electrolyte requirements will be elevated when running in hot and/or humid conditions; viii) Evidence supports progressive gut-training and/or low-FODMAP diets (fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide and polyol) to alleviate symptoms of gastrointestinal distress during racing; ix) The evidence in support of ketogenic diets and/or ketone esters to improve ultra-marathon performance is lacking, with further research warranted; x) Evidence supports the strategic use of caffeine to sustain performance in the latter stages of racing, particularly when sleep deprivation may compromise athlete safety.

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“…Sweat Testing -At pre-intervention testing only, sweat sodium concentration was assessed on the nondominant forearm (volar surface, free of tattoos) via pilocarpine iontophoresis as described in detail elsewhere [13].…”

Section: For Tertiary Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D Supplementation and Body Composition Changes in Collegiate Basketball Players A 12-Week Randomized Control Trial

Hew‐Butler

Aprik

Byrd

et al. 2021

Preprint

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BackgroundVitamin D promotes bone and muscle growth in non-athletes, suggesting supplementation may be ergogenic in athletes. Our primary aim was to determine if modest Vitamin D supplementation augments favorable body composition changes (increased bone and lean mass, decreased fat mass) and performance in collegiate basketball players following 12-weeks of standardized training. MethodsMembers of a men’s and women’s NCAA D1 Basketball team were recruited. Volunteers were randomized to receive either a weekly 4000IU Vitamin D3 supplement (D3) or placebo (P) over 12-weeks of standardized pre-season strength training. Pre- and Post-measurements included: 1) serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OH-D); 2) body composition variables (total body lean, fat and bone mass) using a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan; and 3) vertical jump test to assess peak power output. Dietary intake was assessed using Food Frequency questionnaires. Main outcome measures included changes (∆: post- minus pre-intervention) in serum 25-OH-vitamin, body composition, and performance.ResultsEighteen of 23 players completed the trial (8 females/10 males). Eight received the placebo (20±1years; 3 females) while ten received Vitamin D3 (20±2years; 5 females). Weekly Vitamin D3 supplementation induced non-significant increases (∆) in serum 25-OH-vitamin D (2.6±7.2 vs. -3.5±5.3ng/mL;p=0.06), total body bone mineral content (BMC) (73.1±62.5 vs. 84.1±46.5g;p=0.68), and total body lean mass (2803.9±1655.4 vs. 4474.5±11389.8g; p=0.03), plus a non-significant change in body fat (-0.5±0.8 vs. -1.1±1.2%; p=0.19) (Vitamin D3 vs. placebo supplementation groups, respectively). Pre 25-OH-D correlated with both Δ total fat mass (g) (r=0.65;p=0.003) and Δ total body fat% (r=0.56;p=0.02). No differences noted in peak power output ∆ between the D3 vs. P group(-127.4±335.4 vs. 50.9±9W;NS). Participants in the D3 group ingested significantly fewer total calories (-526.2±583.9 vs. -10.0±400kcals;p=0.02) and sodium (-991.4±986.1 vs. 174.1±573.6mg;p=0.02) than participants in the P group.ConclusionsModest (~517IU/day) vitamin D3 supplementation did not enhance favorable changes in total body composition or performance, over 3-months of training, in collegiate basketball players. We alternatively exposed the potential role of sodium on bone metabolism. More practically speaking, weight training provides a robust training stimulus for bone and lean mass accrual, which likely predominates over isolated supplement use with adequate dietary intakes.Trial registration: ISRCTN, ISRCTN14155111. Registered 3 November 2020 - Retrospectively registered, http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN14155111

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Normative data on regional sweat-sodium concentrations of professional male team-sport athletes

Cited by 16 publications

References 40 publications

Normative data for sweating rate, sweat sodium concentration, and sweat sodium loss in athletes: An update and analysis by sport

Normative data for sweating rate, sweat sodium concentration, and sweat sodium loss in athletes: An update and analysis by sport

International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing

Vitamin D Supplementation and Body Composition Changes in Collegiate Basketball Players A 12-Week Randomized Control Trial

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