Normograms in prenatal life of stomach and urinary bladder in the second and third
            trimesters of pregnancy

Witkowski, Sławomir; Żalinska, Agnieszka; Słodki, Maciej; Respondek-Liberska, Maria

doi:10.15557/jou.2022.0026

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 17 publications

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“…Our study attempted to compare the findings with the data from our center and we managed to conclude that even if the above-mentioned malformations and anomalies can affect the length of the ear, our analysis and presented ranges show that the measurement of the fetal ear in this group of fetuses may fall within our elaborated normal ranges. There are plenty of possibilities for taking measurements additional to routine fetal biometry, such as fetal stomach and urinary bladder [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of the Fetal Ear Length Has No Clinical Value

Witkowski

Respondek-Liberska

Zieliński

et al. 2023

JCM

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The long-term monitoring of a fetus with genetic and non-genetic anomalies is still a challenge for prenatal medicine. Ultrasound screening must be based on some measurement ranges, which show the trend of development of fetal body parts in a given period of time. One of them is the fetal ear auricle. This study presents an analysis of the fetal ear auricle length in healthy fetuses to establish normal ranges of fetal ear auricle length. The study group included 132 healthy fetuses. The gestational age of healthy fetuses ranged from 17.0 to 39.5 weeks of gestation according to LMP. The range of fetal ear length measurement was 10.00–40.00 mm with an average value of 23.49 mm. In the group of fetuses in the second trimester of pregnancy, the range of fetal ear length measurement was 18.00–28.00 mm, whereas in the group of fetuses in the third trimester of pregnancy, the range was 16.00–40.00 mm. In order to check the usefulness of this parameter, an analysis of this marker in fetuses with extracardiac anomalies, including genetic and non-genetic disorders is shown. The fetal ear measurement can fall within the normal range even if there are some genetic or non-genetic disorders. Therefore, the fetal ear measurement does not provide any diagnostic value in terms of detecting any fetal genetic and non-genetic disorders, which is supported by the analysis of the data provided in this study. Our study has proved that measurement of the fetal ear auricle is possible; however, its clinical usefulness for perinatal management is currently very limited.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of the Fetal Ear Length Has No Clinical Value

Witkowski

Respondek-Liberska

Zieliński

et al. 2023

JCM

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Fetal body organ T2* relaxometry at low field strength (FOREST)

Payette,

Uus,

Aviles Verdera

et al. 2025

Medical Image Analysis

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Prenatal diagnosis of tracheo-oesophageal fistula/oesophageal atresia: is MRI helpful?

Wilson,

Whitby

2024

Pediatr Res

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Background Oesophageal atresia (OA) with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) affects 2.75 per 10,000 births within the UK. It is most frequently suspected on antenatal imaging when the stomach is absent or appears small. Studies have shown fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has greater diagnostic accuracy than ultrasound; however, there remains uncertainty over what size constitutes a small stomach and how frequently this correlates with a diagnosis of TOF/OA. Methods A retrospective study of patients referred for fetal MRI due to suspicions of TOF/OA on antenatal ultrasound from 2011 to 2022. We also included patients with a fetal MRI suspecting TOF/OA who had been referred for other reasons. The indication, MRI findings and postnatal outcome were compared to assess diagnostic accuracy. For each case, the size of the stomach bubble was measured on MRI, and stomach volumes in a control group were measured for comparison. Results The positive predictive value for USS was 45.5% and 51.7% for fetal MRI. Fetal MRI had a negative predictive value and sensitivity of 100% (p = 0.027). The control group showed a strong positive correlation between stomach size and increasing gestational age (R2 = 0.69, p < 0.001), but this correlation was less positive in the TOF/OA group (R2 = 0.26, p = 0.03), and the stomach volumes in TOF/OA were consistently lower than the control group. The receiver operating characteristic curve illustrates that an absent stomach or unmeasurably small stomach is more diagnostic of TOF/OA as volumes ≤0.06 ml had 90% sensitivity. Conclusion Fetal MRI can accurately exclude TOF/OA but only has marginally improved positive predictive value over ultrasound. Research with larger numbers is required to further aid the development of a cut-off value for what can be considered a pathologically small stomach. Impact There are several features on imaging that raise the suspicion of TOF/OA. Fetal MRI has some improved diagnostic accuracy compared with antenatal ultrasound alone; however, it is only marginally better. Absence of stomach bubble and presence of oesophageal dilatation combined on fetal MRI are more diagnostic of TOF/OA.

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Normograms in prenatal life of stomach and urinary bladder in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy

Cited by 3 publications

References 17 publications

Measurement of the Fetal Ear Length Has No Clinical Value

Measurement of the Fetal Ear Length Has No Clinical Value

Fetal body organ T2* relaxometry at low field strength (FOREST)

Prenatal diagnosis of tracheo-oesophageal fistula/oesophageal atresia: is MRI helpful?

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