Norms of online expressions of emotion: Comparing Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp

Waterloo, Sophie F; Baumgartner, Susanne E.; Peter, Jochen; Valkenburg, Patti M.

doi:10.1177/1461444817707349

Cited by 426 publications

(359 citation statements)

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“…3 The quasi-entirety of users involved in the case study, however, seem to ignore this 'relational risk' (Das and Teng, 2004) -or the probability that the service provider might break their trust and leak data from their conversations. 4 For research on Whatsapp, although not in direct connection with activism, see Ling and Lai (2016), Waterloo et al (2018), and Matassi et al (2019). 5 Not all users were from Florianópolis.…”

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Not Harm in Private Chat Apps: Ethical Issues for Research on and with WhatsApp

Barbosa

Milan

2019

Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture

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WhatsApp has remained under the radar for it is scarcely accessible to overt scholarly scrutiny. Encrypted chat apps allow for a certain degree of perceived secrecy. Yet the high frequency of civic engagement makes ethnographic research a time-consuming exercise. This article investigates how digital ethnography inside WhatsApp groups requires up-to-date, innovative ethical guidelines. We suggest a two-pronged approach. On the one hand, we should rethink and update 'known' ways of doing ethics, undertaking at least three conceptual operations: going back to the basics, positing as central the notion of 'do not harm', which allows to recentre the user within the research process; avoid reducing research ethics to a one-stop checklist, to privilege instead a recursive, iterative and dialogic process able to engage research subjects; moving past the consent form as the sole and merely regulatory moment of the researcher-research subject relationship. On the other hand, while thinking through innovative ways of considering ethics in chat app research, we ought to take infrastructure seriously, both the site of research and the research ecosystem; embrace transparency and avoid by all means covert bypasses; and guarantee full anonymisation to our research subjects.

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Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Not Harm in Private Chat Apps: Ethical Issues for Research on and with WhatsApp

Barbosa

Milan

2019

Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture

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“…Instagram enables interactions among users in both “strong‐tie” networks (i.e., family, offline friends, etc.) as well as larger “weak‐tie” networks (unknown users who are also on Instagram; Waterloo, Baumgartner, Peter, & Valkenburg, ). This type of weak‐tie interaction can take place through hashtagging, where users append videos or images with a hashtag (e.g., #breastfeeding), allowing public content to be searched for and interacted with.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protecting, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding on Instagram

Marcon

Bieber

Azad

2018

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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Breastfeeding has many established benefits for mothers, children, and society at large; however, the vast majority of infants globally do not meet international breastfeeding recommendations. There are many complex reasons for suboptimal breastfeeding rates, including social and societal factors. Alongside increasing social media use worldwide, there is an expanding research focus on how social media use affects health behaviours, decisions and perceptions. The objective of this study was to systematically determine if and how breastfeeding is promoted and supported on the popular social media platform Instagram, which currently has over 700 million active users worldwide. To assess how Instagram is used to depict and portray breastfeeding, and how users share perspectives and information about this topic, we analysed 4,089 images and 8,331 corresponding comments posted with popular breastfeeding-related hashtags (#breastfeeding, #breastmilk, #breastisbest, and #normalizebreastfeeding). We found that Instagram is being mobilized by users to publicly display and share diverse breastfeeding-related content and to create supportive networks that allow new mothers to share experiences, build confidence, and address challenges related to breastfeeding. Discussions were overwhelmingly positive and often highly personal, with virtually no antagonistic content. Very little educational content was found, contrasted by frequent depiction and discussion of commercial products. Thus, Instagram is currently used by breastfeeding mothers to create supportive networks and could potentially offer new avenues and opportunities to "normalize," protect, promote, and support breastfeeding more broadly across its large and diverse global online community.

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“…These results further indicate that analyses of any online behavior, including the testimonies studied here, must take into account the characteristics and features of the respective platform, in this case Twitter. Previous research has supported the argument that social network sites cannot be considered as a homogeneous media; they differ in their digital architecture (Bossetta, 2018) and their implicit norms of expression (Waterloo, Baumgartner, Peter, & Valkenburg, 2018). In the case of Twitter, Johnson and Yang (2009) showed, for example, that the platform is mainly used to satisfy informational and not social needs.…”

Section: Graphical Representation and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Sexual and gender-based violence: to tweet or not to tweet?

Masciantonio¹,

Schumann²,

Bourguignon³

2020

Preprint

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This exploratory study aims to identify reasons that lead victims of sexual and gender-based violence to share, or, not share their experiences on Twitter. Open-ended survey responses of 94 victims of sexual and gender-based violence were analyzed using the ALCESTE method, a qualitative and inductive approach. Results showed that those who shared their experience on Twitter did so to render sexual and gender-based violence more visible and to support other victims; they declared that they also wanted to change society, contributing in this way to a wider collective movement. On the contrary, participants who did not tweet their experience reported concerns about different costs and risks, such as feeling ashamed, the fear of being judged and blamed by others and even a lack of trust in the Twitter platform and its members. Focusing on the implications of rape culture in society, this study concludes with a call for a framework integrating models of self-disclosure and collective action to conceptualise the testimonials of sexual and gender-based violence on social media.

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Norms of online expressions of emotion: Comparing Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp

Cited by 426 publications

References 50 publications

Do Not Harm in Private Chat Apps: Ethical Issues for Research on and with WhatsApp

Do Not Harm in Private Chat Apps: Ethical Issues for Research on and with WhatsApp

Protecting, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding on Instagram

Sexual and gender-based violence: to tweet or not to tweet?

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