Norovirus Foodborne Outbreak Associated With the Consumption of Ice Pop, Southern Brazil, 2020

Fumian, Túlio Machado; Ferreira, Fernando César; Andrade, Juliana da Silva Ribeiro de; Canal, Natália; Gomes, Gabriela Silva; Teixeira, Lilian Borges; Miagostovich, Marize Pereira

doi:10.1007/s12560-021-09495-9

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…According to a recent study in China during the 2019/2020 season, the clinical feature of GII.4-associated AGE was its increased severity, with a longer duration of diarrhea [82]. In Brazil, the prevalence of GII.4 and GII.2 is consistent with our previous study that reported norovirus infections from sporadic cases and outbreaks of AGE from 2017 to 2018 [26], and with the global pattern that has been observed in different countries, such as China, India, Indonesia, Italy, and Germany [41,66,76,83,84].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…More recently, a study in China identified the recombinant strain GII.12[P16] in stool and water samples linked to a waterborne AGE outbreak [82]. In Brazil, this recombinant strain was recently detected in bivalve samples collected in the state of Rio de Janeiro [83], and also in stool and ice pop samples related to a foodborne AGE outbreak reported in the South region [84].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Norovirus Epidemiology and Genotype Circulation during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil, 2019–2022

Sarmento,

de Andrade,

Malta

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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Norovirus stands out as a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide, affecting all age groups. In the present study, we investigated fecal samples from medically attended AGE patients received from nine Brazilian states, from 2019 to 2022, including the COVID-19 pandemic period. Norovirus GI and GII were detected and quantified using RT-qPCR, and norovirus-positive samples underwent genotyping through sequencing the ORF1/2 junction region. During the four-year period, norovirus prevalence was 37.2%, varying from 20.1% in 2020 to 55.4% in 2021. GII genotypes dominated, being detected in 92.9% of samples. GII-infected patients had significantly higher viral concentrations compared to GI-infected patients (median of 3.8 × 107 GC/g and 6.7 × 105 GC/g, respectively); and patients aged >12–24 months showed a higher median viral load (8 × 107 GC/g) compared to other age groups. Norovirus sequencing revealed 20 genotypes by phylogenetic analysis of RdRp and VP1 partial regions. GII.4 Sydney[P16] was the dominant genotype (57.3%), especially in 2019 and 2021, followed by GII.2[P16] (14.8%) and GII.6[P7] (6.3%). The intergenogroup recombinant genotype, GIX.1[GII.P15], was detected in five samples. Our study is the first to explore norovirus epidemiology and genotype distribution in Brazil during COVID-19, and contributes to understanding the epidemiological dynamics of norovirus and highlighting the importance of continuing to follow norovirus surveillance programs in Brazil.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norovirus Epidemiology and Genotype Circulation during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil, 2019–2022

Sarmento,

de Andrade,

Malta

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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“…However, there remains room for improvement with respect to the tools and standardized methodologies that are available to manage viral foodborne outbreaks. While much work has been conducted to date to understand the limits of shotgun metagenomics and amplicon-based sequencing for genotypic characterization of norovirus in foodstuffs ( 32 , 33 ), there has been only one bioinformatic study to date ( 18 ). Importantly, this single study did not focus on amplicon-based approaches or foodstuffs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benchmarking Bioinformatic Tools for Amplicon-Based Sequencing of Norovirus

Fitzpatrick

Rupnik

O’Shea

et al. 2023

Appl Environ Microbiol

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In benchmarking bioinformatic pipelines for analyzing high-throughput sequencing (HTS) data sets, we provide method standardization for bioinformatics broadly and specifically for norovirus in situations for which no officially endorsed methods exist at present. This study provides recommendations for the appropriate analysis and classification of norovirus amplicon HTS data and will be widely applicable during outbreak investigations.

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“…These frequently reported outbreaks signify the importance of the need for fecal pollution monitoring. [34] Gastroenteritis 2020 Brazil 176 [35] Another health concern is the undesired dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to the environment. Antibiotic residues reach the sewage systems via feces, urine, and body remains [36], which explains why WWTPs are often a hotspot for mixing antibiotics, ARB and ARGs and for their spread into the receiving environment [36].…”

Section: Viral Pathogens and Protozoan Parasites May Have Relatively Lower Infectious Doses Thanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Indicators for Fecal Pollution Detection and Source Tracking: A Review

Saleem

Edge

et al. 2021

Processes

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Fecal pollution, commonly detected in untreated or less treated sewage, is associated with health risks (e.g., waterborne diseases and antibiotic resistance dissemination), ecological issues (e.g., release of harmful gases in fecal sludge composting, proliferative bacterial/algal growth due to high nutrient loads) and economy losses (e.g., reduced aqua farm harvesting). Therefore, the discharge of untreated domestic sewage to the environment and its agricultural reuse are growing concerns. The goals of fecal pollution detection include fecal waste source tracking and identifying the presence of pathogens, therefore assessing potential health risks. This review summarizes available biological fecal indicators focusing on host specificity, degree of association with fecal pollution, environmental persistence, and quantification methods in fecal pollution assessment. The development of practical tools is a crucial requirement for the implementation of mitigation strategies that may help confine the types of host-specific pathogens and determine the source control point, such as sourcing fecal wastes from point sources and nonpoint sources. Emerging multidisciplinary bacterial enumeration platforms are also discussed, including individual working mechanisms, applications, advantages, and limitations.

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Norovirus Foodborne Outbreak Associated With the Consumption of Ice Pop, Southern Brazil, 2020

Cited by 14 publications

References 43 publications

Norovirus Epidemiology and Genotype Circulation during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil, 2019–2022

Norovirus Epidemiology and Genotype Circulation during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil, 2019–2022

Benchmarking Bioinformatic Tools for Amplicon-Based Sequencing of Norovirus

Biological Indicators for Fecal Pollution Detection and Source Tracking: A Review

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