Norovirus genotype distribution in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis among children and older people: an 8-year study

Kumazaki, Makoto; Usuku, Shuzo

doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1999-8

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The results suggested that the GII.4 Sydney variant was also associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks at childcare and educational facilities, in cases of food poisoning, and at elderly nursing homes. This finding is compatible with the previous reports [36, 38], which suggested that GII.4 was the most dominant type during the 2006–2014 seasons, whereas a small number of GII.2 were detected in this period [20, 39, 40]. However, GII.2 was the most prevalent type in the 2016/2017 season in various countries, including Germany, France, USA, China, and Japan [16, 17, 25, 26].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Variation of human norovirus GII genotypes detected in Ibaraki, Japan, during 2012–2018

et al. 2019

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Background Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the major cause of viral acute gastroenteritis for all age groups in various countries. HuNoV GII in particular accounted for the majority of norovirus outbreaks, among which GII.4 caused repeated outbreaks for a long time. Besides GII.4, other norovirus genotypes, GII.2, GII.6, and GII.17, have also been prevalent in various contexts in recent years, but few detailed epidemiological studies of them have been performed and are poorly understood. We thus conducted an epidemiological analysis of HuNoV GII in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, by performing surveillance in the six seasons from September 2012 to August 2018. Results HuNoV GI occurred almost sporadically for all genotypes; however, each genotype of GII exhibited its typical epidemiological characteristics. Although the number of outbreaks of GII.4 decreased season by season, it reemerged in 2017/2018 season. The timing of the epidemic peak in terms of number of cases for GII.17 differed from that for the other genotypes. The patients age with GII.2 and GII.6 were younger and outbreak of GII.17 occurred frequently as food poisoning. Namely, the primarily infected outbreak group differed for each genotype of HuNoV GII. Moreover, the viral load of patients differed according to the genotype. Conclusions Various HuNoV genotypes including GII.2, GII.4, GII.6, and GII.17 were shown to be associated with various types of outbreak sites (at childcare and educational facilities, involving cases of food poisoning, and at elderly nursing homes) in this study. These genotypes emerged in recent years, and their prevalence patterns differed from each other. Moreover, differences in outbreak sites and viral load of patients among the genotypes were identified.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Variation of human norovirus GII genotypes detected in Ibaraki, Japan, during 2012–2018

et al. 2019

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“…Schools (primary, secondary, colleges, and other schools) and childcare facilities accounted for 93% of all the norovirus outbreaks reported to PHEESS. A higher percentage of norovirus outbreaks among school and childcare settings was also reported in Japan, Taiwan, and Hong Kong [22,23,24]. This differs, however, from the United States and Europe where acute and long-term healthcare facilities (e.g., nursing homes) were reported as the most common setting for norovirus outbreaks [25,26,27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Epidemiology of Norovirus Outbreaks Reported to the Public Health Emergency Event Surveillance System, China, 2014–2017

Lian

Luo

et al. 2019

Viruses

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We conducted a retrospective analysis of norovirus outbreaks reported to the National Public Health Emergency Event Surveillance System (PHEESS) in China from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017. We reviewed all acute gastroenteritis outbreaks (n = 692) submitted to PHEESS to identify the frequency, seasonality, geographic distribution, setting, and transmission mode of outbreaks due to norovirus. A total of 616 norovirus outbreaks resulting in 30,848 cases were reported. Among these outbreaks, 571 (93%) occurred in school settings including 239 (39%) in primary schools, 136 (22%) in childcare facilities, and 121 (20%) in secondary schools. The majority of outbreaks (63%) were due to person-to-person transmission, followed by multiple modes of transmission (11%), foodborne (5%) and waterborne (3%) transmission. These findings highlight the importance of improving hand hygiene and environmental disinfection in high-risk settings. Developing a standard and quantitative outbreak reporting structure could improve the usefulness of PHEESS for monitoring norovirus outbreaks.

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“…Foodborne viral infections exert a significant economic burden globally [ 20 ]. Human norovirus (HuNoV), human adenovirus (AdenoV), human astrovirus (AstroV), and human rotavirus (RotaV) frequently cause acute viral gastroenteritis characterized by abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Weather and Environmental Factors on the Seasonal Prevalence of Foodborne Viruses in Irrigation Waters in Gyeonggi Province, Korea

et al. 2020

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This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of foodborne viruses in reservoirs (an important resource of irrigation water) and its correlation with environmental and weather factors. From May 2017 to November 2018, we visited ten reservoirs and a river in the Anseong region of South Korea and collected a total of 192 samples in accordance with the environment protection agency guidelines. We recorded the weather factors (temperature, humidity, and accumulated precipitation) and investigated the surrounding environment factors (livestock, fishing site, the catchment area of reservoirs, etc.). Our research results show that from the river and reservoirs, the detection rates of human norovirus GII, adenovirus, rotavirus, human norovirus GI, and astrovirus were 27.1, 10.4, 10.4, 4.16, and 3.1%, respectively. Their viral load ranged from −1.48 to 1.55 log10 genome copies/l. However, hepatitis A virus was not detected in any irrigation water sample. Although no sampling was performed in winter, foodborne viruses and male-specific coliphages were frequently found during spring (40.78%) and autumn (39.47%). Interestingly, the significant correlation between the accumulative precipitation and the number of detected norovirus and adenovirus was confirmed by linear regression analysis. Furthermore, when the accumulative precipitation ranged from 20 to 60 mm, it significantly affected the viral load and prevalence. Among the environmental factors, recreational facilities such as fishing sites and bungalow fishing spots were identified as contamination sources by correlation analysis. Our research results confirmed the correlations between environmental contamination factors in the reservoir and weather factors with the prevalence of foodborne viruses in the reservoir. These facilitates the assessment of potential foodborne virus contamination during crop irrigation. In addition, predictive models including environmental and weather factors should be developed for monitoring and controlling the safety of irrigation waters in reservoirs.

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Norovirus genotype distribution in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis among children and older people: an 8-year study

Cited by 18 publications

References 38 publications

Variation of human norovirus GII genotypes detected in Ibaraki, Japan, during 2012–2018

Variation of human norovirus GII genotypes detected in Ibaraki, Japan, during 2012–2018

Epidemiology of Norovirus Outbreaks Reported to the Public Health Emergency Event Surveillance System, China, 2014–2017

Effects of Weather and Environmental Factors on the Seasonal Prevalence of Foodborne Viruses in Irrigation Waters in Gyeonggi Province, Korea

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