Norovirus risk at a golf course irrigated with reclaimed water: Should QMRA doses be adjusted for infectiousness?

Simhon, Albert; Pileggi, Vince; Flemming, Cecily A.; Lai, George; Manoharan, Mano

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2020.116121

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The US EPA drinking water annual risk benchmark of 10 −4 pppy (US EPA, 1989) has been widely referenced in direct and indirect potable reuse (Amoueyan et al, 2019) and non-potable reuse (Hamilton et al, 2017;Simhon et al, 2020), although an attempt has been made to loosen the risk standard for irrigation purposes (Lim and Jiang, 2013). Moreover, the disability-adjusted life year (DALY) scores could be further calculated and emphasize the need for regional-specific information, including the total incidence, odds of severity, and illness duration (Hamilton et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Fecal Pollution Monitoring and Microbial Risk Assessment for Water Reuse Potential in a Coastal Industrial–Residential Mixed-Use Watershed

et al. 2021

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Rapid economic development has caused industrial expansion into residential communities, leading to higher fecal pollution loads that could be discharged into aquatic environments. However, little is known regarding the potential microbial impact on human health. This study investigated microbial contamination from coastal industrial–residential community areas in nine sampling sites in waterways during three dry events. A general microbial source tracking (MST) marker, GenBac3, was detected in all samples from all three events, indicating continuing fecal pollution in the area, mostly from human sewage contamination. This was shown by the human-specific genetic marker crAssphage (88.9%) and human polyomavirus (HPyVs; 92.6%) detection. Enteric human adenovirus (HAdV40/41) showed three positive results only from residential sites in the first event. No spatial difference was observed for MST markers and traditional fecal indicators (total coliforms and Escherichia coli) in each event. Still, a significantly lower abundance of GenBac3, HPyVs, and total coliforms in the first sampling event was detected. Spearman’s rho analysis indicated a strong correlation among certain pairs of microbial parameters. Multivariate analysis revealed two clusters of samples separated by land use type (industrial vs. residential). According to factor analysis of mixed data, the land use parameter was more associated with physicochemical parameters (i.e., salinity, conductivity, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen). A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) was then conducted to estimate the annual infection risks of HAdV40/41 for non-potable water reuse purposes using predicted concentrations from crAssphage and HPyVs. The highest risks (95th percentiles) were ranked by food crop irrigation, aquaculture, and toilet flushing, at 10–1, 10–2, and 10–3 per person per year (pppy). Required treatment levels to achieve a 10–4 pppy annual infection risk were estimated. QMRA-based water treatment scenarios were suggested, including chlorination for toilet flushing reuse and depth filtration prior to chlorination for aquaculture and food crop irrigation. Microbial monitoring combined with a QMRA could provide better insights into fecal pollution patterns and the associated risks, facilitating effective water quality management and appropriate prior treatments for water reuse.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Fecal Pollution Monitoring and Microbial Risk Assessment for Water Reuse Potential in a Coastal Industrial–Residential Mixed-Use Watershed

et al. 2021

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“…Although people are exposed to a larger volume of water, the number of viruses attached to lettuce might be greatly reduced in the field and may undergo additional slight reduction because of storage and washing (Yates et al 1987;Beuchat 2002;Li et al 2015). In contrast, people are more directly exposed to the viruses via ingestion and plant contact when the recycled water is used for irrigation of public green spaces (Page et al 2014;Simhon et al 2020). Furthermore, consumption of raw leafy vegetables is uncommon in Chinese dietary habits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In China, there are no regulations limiting the abundance of enteric viruses, while tolerant concentrations of fecal coliforms (FCs) are specified (Chinese Standard 2010). Recently, quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) has been developed and applied to reasonably evaluate virus-related health risks arising from water reuse (Chhipi-Shrestha et al 2017;Simhon et al 2020). QMRA estimates the pathogen dose to which the consumer is exposed, calculates the probability of infection or disease, and finally provides the value of disabled-adjusted life-years (DALYs) caused by viral infection (Owens et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of common enteric viruses in municipal wastewater treatment plants and their health risks arising from wastewater reuse

Liu

Che

et al. 2021

Blue-Green Systems

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Enteric viruses are known to be prevalent in municipal wastewater, but information on the health risks arising from wastewater reuse is limited. This study quantified six common enteric viruses in raw wastewater and determined the effectiveness of different secondary and tertiary treatment processes at reducing their abundances in three full-scale wastewater treatment plants in China. In the raw wastewater, polyomavirus BK and norovirus GII (Nov GII) exhibited the highest abundance among the detected DNA and RNA viruses, respectively, with concentrations >5 log10 copies/L. Viruses in the raw wastewater were mainly removed by the secondary treatment processes, with log reduction values ranging from 1 to 2. The tertiary treatment processes of both chlorination and ultraviolet irradiation facilitated the additional reduction of viruses. The quantitative microbial risk assessment was applied to estimate the health risks of adenovirus (Adv) and Nov GII when reusing the treated wastewater for irrigation of public green spaces and crops. Estimated disability-adjusted life years of Adv and Nov GII for both reuses were higher than the risk threshold (10−6) required by the WHO in the actual scenarios. More effective treatment technologies should be implemented to remove viruses for safe reuse of the treated wastewater.

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“…Furthermore, long-term storage serves diverse purposes, encompassing the creation of reserves to address drought or water scarcity, mitigation of seasonal fluctuations in water demand, and support for applications such as irrigated agriculture, urban landscape irrigation, and industrial processes. 12,13 Given these concerns, investigating the regrowth laws of bacteria in ultrafiltration-treated reclaimed water during storage is imperative. Assessing the biosafety risks primarily focuses on the abundance of indicator bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli and Enterococcus).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconsidering the Rationality of Ultrafiltration as the Ultimate Safeguard for Reclaimed Water Biosafety: Unexpected Risks Arise under Different Storage Conditions

Cui,

Ding,

et al. 2024

ACS EST Water

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Ultrafiltration, an advanced process for producing biologically safe reclaimed water, has confronted challenges from bacterial regrowth. We conducted a comprehensive investigation into the biosafety risks of ultrafiltration-treated reclaimed water under five distinct storage conditions, considering temperature variations, airborne bacterial invasion, and light. Although ultrafiltration removed over 97% of the bacterial load, bacterial regrowth occurred during storage. Elevated temperatures resulted in the highest heterotrophic plate count (HPC), while lower temperatures favored increased total cell count (TCC). Notably, lower temperatures facilitated a surge in the number of potential pathogenic bacteria. Light exposure also elevated the potential pathogenic bacteria. Surprisingly, high temperatures posed minimal biosafety risk. While airborne bacterial invasion insignificantly affected potential pathogenic bacterial count, it constituted 67 ± 4% of total regrowth bacteria, with membrane breakthrough bacteria comprising the remaining 33 ± 4%, as revealed by SourceTracker. The impact of storage conditions on the bacterial community structure varied, with temperature exerting the most significant effect. Correlation analysis affirmed the potential of UV254 and total fluorescence intensity as alternative indicators for HPC, and polysaccharide content emerged as a suitable substitute indicator for potential pathogenic bacterial count. Future endeavors should prioritize the development of integrated ultrafiltration processes designed to inhibit pathogen regrowth in reclaimed water treatment.

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Norovirus risk at a golf course irrigated with reclaimed water: Should QMRA doses be adjusted for infectiousness?

Cited by 5 publications

References 32 publications

Human Fecal Pollution Monitoring and Microbial Risk Assessment for Water Reuse Potential in a Coastal Industrial–Residential Mixed-Use Watershed

Human Fecal Pollution Monitoring and Microbial Risk Assessment for Water Reuse Potential in a Coastal Industrial–Residential Mixed-Use Watershed

Prevalence of common enteric viruses in municipal wastewater treatment plants and their health risks arising from wastewater reuse

Reconsidering the Rationality of Ultrafiltration as the Ultimate Safeguard for Reclaimed Water Biosafety: Unexpected Risks Arise under Different Storage Conditions

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