Norovirus vaccines: Correlates of protection, challenges and limitations

Melhem, Nada M.

doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1125054

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 138 publications

(229 reference statements)

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“…Nevertheless, there has been a great deal of progress with vaccine development using virus like particles. For a review see [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Dynamic Capsid Structures of the Noroviruses

Smith

2019

Viruses

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Noroviruses are responsible for almost a fifth of all cases of gastroenteritis worldwide. New strains evolve every 2–4 years by escaping herd immunity and cause worldwide epidemics. In the US alone, noroviruses are responsible for ~20 million cases and more than 70,000 hospitalizations of infected children, annually. Efforts towards a vaccine have been hindered by a lack of detailed structural information about antibody binding and the mechanisms of antibody escape. Caliciviruses have 180 copies of the major capsid protein (VP1; ~58 kDa), that is divided into the N-terminus (N), the shell (S) and C-terminal protruding (P) domains. The S domain forms a shell around the viral RNA genome, while the P domains dimerize to form protrusions on the capsid surface. The P domain is subdivided into P1 and P2 subdomains, with the latter containing the binding sites for cellular receptors and neutralizing antibodies. There is increasing evidence that these viruses are extremely dynamic and this flexibility is critical for viral replication. There are at least two modes of flexibility; the entire P domain relative to the shell and within the P domain itself. Here, the details and possible roles for this remarkable flexibility will be reviewed.

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“…Nevertheless, there has been a great deal of progress with vaccine development using virus like particles. For a review see [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Dynamic Capsid Structures of the Noroviruses

Smith

2019

Viruses

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“…Norovirus causes 19–21 million cases of acute gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach or intestine or both) annually in the United States and 570–800 deaths, mostly among young children and the eldery 2 . Incubation time is estimated to be 12–72 h (mainly 24–48 h) 3 . A very small number (18–100) of virions is sufficient to infect humans 4 and norovirus can survive for prolonged periods of time under normal environmental conditions 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key role of singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite in viral RNA damage during virucidal effect of plasma torch on feline calicivirus

Yamashiro

Misawa

Sakudo

2018

Sci Rep

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A dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma torch has been used to evaluate the mechanism underlying inactivation of feline calicivirus (FCV) by plasma treatment. Plasma treatment of cell lysate infected with FCV F9 strain reduced the viral titer of the median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50). The D value (treatment time required to lower the viral titer to 1/10) was 0.450 min, while the viral titer dropped below the detection limit within 2 min. FCV was not significantly inactivated by heat or UV applied at levels corresponding to those generated from the DBD plasma torch after 2 min (38.4 °C and 46.79 mJ/cm2 UV, respectively). However, TCID50 was reduced by 2.47 log after exposure to 4.62 mM ONOO−, corresponding to the concentration generated after 2 min of plasma treatment. Radical scavengers, including superoxide dismutase, dimethyl sulfoxide, and catalase, did not significantly affect viral titers; however, sodium azide, uric acid, and ascorbic acid, which are scavengers of 1O2 radicals, ONOO−, and peroxynitrous acid (ONOOH; produced from ONOO− under acidic conditions), respectively, significantly increased TCID50 and intact viral RNA. These findings suggest that ONOO− and 1O2 play an important role in FCV inactivation by attacking viral RNA during DBD plasma torch treatment.

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“…Host immune response to norovirus infection has been comprehensively reviewed elsewhere [ 2 , 131 , 132 ]. Briefly, the three key players of the adaptive immune system (B cells and antibodies, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells) as well as innate immune responses, such as INFs, appear to play roles in clearance of infection, reduced pathogenicity, and decreased duration of shedding of viruses.…”

Section: Norovirus Therapeutics and Immunoprophylaxismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, only VLP-based norovirus vaccines have been subjected to human clinical trials [ 131 ]. Having completed phase 1 and 2 human clinical trials, a bivalent Intramuscular (IM) norovirus vaccine (Takeda Pharmaceutical) is the most advanced VLP-based candidate so far [ 147 - 149 ].…”

Section: Norovirus Therapeutics and Immunoprophylaxismentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutics and Immunoprophylaxis Against Noroviruses and Rotaviruses: The Past, Present, and Future

Ghosh

Malik

Kobayashi

2018

CDM

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Background: Noroviruses and rotaviruses are important viral etiologies of severe gastroenteritis. Noroviruses are the primary cause of nonbacterial diarrheal outbreaks in humans, whilst rotaviruses are a major cause of childhood diarrhea. Although both enteric pathogens substantially impact human health and economies, there are no approved drugs against noroviruses and rotaviruses so far. On the other hand, whilst the currently licensed rotavirus vaccines have been successfully implemented in over 100 countries, the most advanced norovirus vaccine has recently completed phase-I and II trials.Methods: We performed a structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research litera-ture on advances in the fields of norovirus and rotavirus therapeutics and immunoprophylaxis.Results: Technological advances coupled with a proper understanding of viral morphology and replication over the past decade has facilitated pioneering research on therapeutics and immunoprophylaxis against noroviruses and rotaviruses, with promising outcomes in human clinical trials of some of the drugs and vaccines. This review focuses on the various developments in the fields of norovirus and rotavirus thera-peutics and immunoprophylaxis, such as potential antiviral drug molecules, passive immunotherapies (oral human immunoglobulins, egg yolk and bovine colostral antibodies, llama-derived nanobodies, and anti-bodies expressed in probiotics, plants, rice grains and insect larvae), immune system modulators, probiot-ics, phytochemicals and other biological substances such as bovine milk proteins, therapeutic nanoparti-cles, hydrogels and viscogens, conventional viral vaccines (live and inactivated whole virus vaccines), and genetically engineered viral vaccines (reassortant viral particles, virus-like particles (VLPs) and other sub-unit recombinant vaccines including multi-valent viral vaccines, edible plant vaccines, and encapsulated viral particles).Conclusions: This review provides important insights into the various approaches to therapeutics and im-munoprophylaxis against noroviruses and rotaviruses..

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Norovirus vaccines: Correlates of protection, challenges and limitations

Cited by 12 publications

References 138 publications

The Dynamic Capsid Structures of the Noroviruses

The Dynamic Capsid Structures of the Noroviruses

Key role of singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite in viral RNA damage during virucidal effect of plasma torch on feline calicivirus

Therapeutics and Immunoprophylaxis Against Noroviruses and Rotaviruses: The Past, Present, and Future

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