North American Condyloderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Kentrorhagata): Female dimorphism suggests moulting among adult Condyloderes

Sørensen, Martin V.; Thistle, David; Landers, Stephen C.

doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2019.05.015

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…A few years later Neuhaus and Sørensen (2013) reported Campyloderes cf. vanhoeffeni Zelinka (1913) in the Guinea Basin at 5064 m and in the southeastern deep-sea region of Canary Island at depths between 5055 m and 5118 m. Sánchez et al (2014a,b) described three additional species, i.e., Mixtophyes abyssalis Sánchez et al (2014a,b), Cristaphyes nubilis (Sánchez et al, 2014a,b), and Krakenella farinelli (Sánchez et al, 2014a,b), from the Guinea Basin, at depths between 5100-5175 m. The remaining and more recent reports of identified abyssal kinorhynchs are restricted to five areas: (1) abyssal plains, 3100-3300 m, around North Atlantic seamounts, from where Yamasaki et al (2019) describe Echinoderes kaempfae Yamasaki et al, 2019; (2) the East Mediterranean, 675-4403 m, from where Yamasaki et al (2018a) describe Echinoderes pterus Yamasaki et al, 2018a,b; (3) abyssal plains, 3351-5766, in the vicinity of the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, from where Adrianov and Maiorova (2015 describe Cristaphyes abyssorum (Adrianov and Maiorova, 2015), Condyloderes kurilensis Adrianov and Maiorova (2016), Meristoderes okhotensis Adrianov and Maiorova (2018a), and Parasemnoderes intermedius Adrianov and Maiorova (2018b); (4) the abyssal plains, 3250-3853 m, off the Northwest American continental slope, from where Sørensen et al (2018) describe E. anniae, E. dubiosus, E. hamiltonorum, E. juliae, E. lupherorum, E. hviidarum, E. yamasakii, and Sørensen et al (2018Sørensen et al ( , 2019 report three additional known kinorhynch species, E. cf. unispinosus Yamasaki et al (2018a,b), Fissuroderes higginsi Neuhaus and Blasche (2006), and C. kurilensis; (5) the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, 4319-5012 m, in the tropical East Pacific, from where Sánchez et al (2019) describe Cephalorhyncha polunga, Echinoderes shenlong, and Meristoderes taro.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hadal Mud Dragons: First Insight Into the Diversity of Kinorhyncha From the Atacama Trench

et al. 2021

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Deep-sea trenches are one of the last frontiers for deep-sea exploration and represent a large reservoir of undiscovered biodiversity. This applies in particular to organisms belonging to smaller-size classes, such as meiofauna. Among different meiofauna taxa, kinorhynchs represent a large gap in our knowledge about global marine biodiversity in general, but primarily in extreme deep-sea environments. Out of the more than 300 known mud dragon species, only a single species has ever been described from hadal depths (> 6000 m), i.e., Echinoderes ultraabyssalis from the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench. The results presented in this paper are based on material collected during a research expedition in 2018 investigating the Atacama Trench environment. We provide a first overview and comparison of the diversity and abundance of mud dragons in the Atacama Trench, the adjacent abyssal plain and continental slope off Chile. The study revealed six species of Echinoderes. Of these, Echinoderes mamaqucha sp. nov. is described as a new species and morphological data of three undescribed species are given. Because of the low number of available specimens, we provide only a brief description of these three species and comparison with their morphologically closest congeners, but formal descriptions are not given. Moreover, Echinoderes juliae and Echinoderes pterus were also recovered. Echinoderes juliae was described from the abyssal plain off Oregon and along the continental rise off California, at 2702 to 3679 m depth. Echinoderes pterus is known from the high Arctic, the North Atlantic, and the Mediterranean Sea, and has also been reported to show a wide bathymetric distribution, from 675 to 4403 m. Interestingly, E. mamaqucha sp. nov. dominated at the trench stations and it reached its highest abundance at the deepest station, at 8085 m water depth. The only other single individual that was found in the Atacama Trench was Echinoderes sp.1. The remaining four species were all found at the abyssal and slope stations. The obtained results seem to confirm previous hypotheses about geographic isolation of deep-sea trenches and relatively low connectivity with other habitats, reflected by limited diversity of sediment dwelling fauna, particularly in the deepest parts of trenches.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hadal Mud Dragons: First Insight Into the Diversity of Kinorhyncha From the Atacama Trench

et al. 2021

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“…Studies of Kinorhyncha from the deep sea have frequently reported unidentified species, mostly from the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans (Neuhaus, 2013;Zeppilli et al, 2018). More recently, studies to the species level have received a strong boost, and up to 45 species have recently been described or reported from this environment (Neuhaus and Blasche, 2006;Sørensen, 2008a;Neuhaus and Sørensen, 2013;Sánchez et al, 2014aSánchez et al, ,b, 2019aAdrianov and Maiorova, 2015, 2016Sørensen, 2018, 2019;Sørensen and Grzelak, 2018;Sørensen et al, , 2019Yamasaki et al, 2018aYamasaki et al, ,b,c, 2019Cepeda et al, 2019a). Of these, some species seem to possess wider ranges of distribution than their congeners from the coastal zone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dragons of the Deep Sea: Kinorhyncha Communities in a Pockmark Field at Mozambique Channel, With the Description of Three New Species

et al. 2020

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Cold seep areas are extremely reduced habitats with spatiotemporal variation of hydrocarbon-rich fluid seepage, low oxygen levels, and great habitat heterogeneity. Cold seeps can create circular to ellipsoid shallow depressions on the seafloor called pockmarks. We investigated two selected pockmarks, characterized by different gas emission, and two sites outside these geological structures at the Mozambique Channel to understand whether and how their environmental conditions affect the kinorhynch fauna in terms of density, richness, and community composition. A total of 11 species have been found living in the studied area, of which three are new species: Fissuroderes cthulhu sp. nov., Fujuriphyes dagon sp. nov., and Fujuriphyes hydra sp. nov. Densities outside the pockmarks are low and regularly decrease from the upper sediment layers, whereas inside the pockmarks, density reaches its highest value at layer 1-2 cm, strongly decreasing along the vertical profile from this depth. Areas under pockmark influence and locations outside pockmarks are similar in terms of species richness, but kinorhynchs showed a significant remarkable higher density at the pockmark sites. Additionally, species composition changes between habitats (inside and outside pockmarks) and between the two sampled pockmarks, with most of the species restricted to one of the studied habitats, except for Condyloderes sp. and Echinoderes unispinosus present both outside and inside the pockmarks. Echinoderes hviidarum, E. unispinosus, and Fi. cthulhu sp. nov., present at sites with gas emission, do not only survive under the specific pockmark conditions (characterized by hydrogen sulfide toxicity, methane high concentration, and low availability of dissolved oxygen) but even profit from a habitat with a likely lower competition for space and resources, flourishing and enhancing the density, most likely through the replacement with specialized species. Contrarily, species that only appear outside the pockmarks do not seem to cope with the presence of hydrogen sulfide and methane. Therefore, environmental factors linked to gas emissions have a major role driving the kinorhynch community composition.

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“…As summarized in the Introduction, adult dimorphism has so far been confirmed from a single species or more from the genera Echinoderes, Campyloderes, Centroderes and Condyloderes (Higgins, 1977a;Neuhaus & Sørensen, 2013;Neuhaus et al, 2014;Sørensen et al, 2019), and now also of Sphenoderes. In addition, adult moulting was observed in species of Cateria Gerlach, 1956, Zelinkaderes and Antygomonas (Higgins, 1990;Bauer-Nebelsick, 1996;Neuhaus & Kegel, 2015).…”

Section: How Common Is Adult Dimorphism Among Kinorhynchs?mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Quite recently, the existence of adult dimorphism was reported from another genus, that is Condyloderes Higgins, 1969. Based on spine dimorphism on segment 10, Sørensen et al (2019) documented the presence of two distinct adult female stages in Condyloderes rohalorum Sørensen et al, 2019 and found indications suggesting that a similar dimorphism could exist in other Condyloderes species as well. In the present study, we present the first evidence for adult dimorphism in yet another kentrorhagid genus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adult moulting and dimorphism in a new species of Sphenoderes (Kinorhyncha: Kentrorhagata)—Is the exception becoming the rule?

Sørensen

Herranz

2020

Acta Zoologica

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Adult dimorphism (i.e. non-sexual dimorphism observed among sexually mature specimens) and the existence of two morphologically distinct adult stages are for the first time reported from a species of the kentrorhagid kinorhynch genus Sphenoderes.The dimorphism was found in a new species, Sphenoderes neptunus sp. nov., from the Gulf of Naples, Italy, and a formal description is provided. While dimorphism between adult life stages of kinorhynchs so far have been restricted to differences in the two posteriormost segments, the dimorphism in the new species is expressed in spine lengths throughout the entire trunk, as well as in presence or absence of cuspidate spines. The implications for comparative kinorhynch morphology and taxonomy are discussed, and it is concluded that adult dimorphism and the occurrence of more than one adult life stage always should be considered as a possibility when exploring kinorhynchs of the orders Kentrorhagata and Xenosomata. Despite the comparative challenges prompted by the adult dimorphism, species of Sphenoderes can still be distinguished by differences in shape of midventral placid and distribution of sensory spots. Conversely, spine patterns as differential characters should be used with caution, and only after ensuring that specimens belonging to the same adult stage are compared.

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North American Condyloderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Kentrorhagata): Female dimorphism suggests moulting among adult Condyloderes

Cited by 12 publications

References 27 publications

Hadal Mud Dragons: First Insight Into the Diversity of Kinorhyncha From the Atacama Trench

Hadal Mud Dragons: First Insight Into the Diversity of Kinorhyncha From the Atacama Trench

Dragons of the Deep Sea: Kinorhyncha Communities in a Pockmark Field at Mozambique Channel, With the Description of Three New Species

Adult moulting and dimorphism in a new species of Sphenoderes (Kinorhyncha: Kentrorhagata)—Is the exception becoming the rule?

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