Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis)

Halkin, Sylvia L.; Linville, Susan U.

doi:10.2173/bna.norcar.01

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…The genetic breaks are largely concordant with the four long-recognized morphological groups: carneus , igneus , coccineus , and c ardinalis [ 11 ] with the addition of two monophyletic island lineages, saturatus within c occineus and m ariae within igneus (Figure 1 , Figure 2 ). Molecular dating from mtDNA indicated that C. cardinalis diverged from the Miocene to Late Pleistocene.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 70%

“…The hypothesis that cardinals exhibit high dispersal abilities is borne out by an analysis of banding records for cardinals [ 46 ]. Although conducted before root mean square dispersal was being estimated, Dow and Scott [ 46 ] found that 190 of 1523 recovered cardinals were found outside the 10-minute block of latitude and longitude where they were banded; among those that moved beyond their block, first years moved an average distance of 60 km and adults moved an average of 130 km [ 11 ]. These are large distances for a resident bird [ 47 ], and comparing them with results for North American blackbirds analyzed in modern ways [ 48 ] suggests that root mean square dispersal for Northern Cardinals is very high, possibly exceeding 100 km.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To examine the impact of historical and contemporary processes on genetic pattern and diversity, we investigated a broadly distributed North American songbird, the Northern Cardinal ( Cardinalis cardinalis ). Cardinals are distributed from southeastern Canada, throughout the eastern United States, and in the southwestern states south through the Mexican lowlands to northern Central America [ 11 ]. Cardinalis cardinalis is currently divided into 18 subspecies representing four subspecies groups [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cardinals are distributed from southeastern Canada, throughout the eastern United States, and in the southwestern states south through the Mexican lowlands to northern Central America [ 11 ]. Cardinalis cardinalis is currently divided into 18 subspecies representing four subspecies groups [ 11 ]. The species inhabits multiple biomes which include deserts, dry and humid tropical forests, and deciduous temperate forests.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The species inhabits multiple biomes which include deserts, dry and humid tropical forests, and deciduous temperate forests. In all regions it prefers similar habitats of shrubs, small trees, forest-edge, or secondary growth [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of historical and contemporary processes on phylogeographic structure and genetic diversity in the Northern Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis

et al. 2011

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BackgroundEarth history events such as climate change are believed to have played a major role in shaping patterns of genetic structure and diversity in species. However, there is a lag between the time of historical events and the collection of present-day samples that are used to infer contemporary population structure. During this lag phase contemporary processes such as dispersal or non-random mating can erase or reinforce population differences generated by historical events. In this study we evaluate the role of both historical and contemporary processes on the phylogeography of a widespread North American songbird, the Northern Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis.ResultsPhylogenetic analysis revealed deep mtDNA structure with six lineages across the species' range. Ecological niche models supported the same geographic breaks revealed by the mtDNA. A paleoecological niche model for the Last Glacial Maximum indicated that cardinals underwent a dramatic range reduction in eastern North America, whereas their ranges were more stable in México. In eastern North America cardinals expanded out of glacial refugia, but we found no signature of decreased genetic diversity in areas colonized after the Last Glacial Maximum. Present-day demographic data suggested that population growth across the expansion cline is positively correlated with latitude. We propose that there was no loss of genetic diversity in areas colonized after the Last Glacial Maximum because recent high-levels of gene flow across the region have homogenized genetic diversity in eastern North America.ConclusionWe show that both deep historical events as well as demographic processes that occurred following these events are critical in shaping genetic pattern and diversity in C. cardinalis. The general implication of our results is that patterns of genetic diversity are best understood when information on species history, ecology, and demography are considered simultaneously.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of historical and contemporary processes on phylogeographic structure and genetic diversity in the Northern Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis

et al. 2011

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The Effect of Sex on Avian Plasma Cholinesterase Enzyme Activity: A Potential Source of Variation in an Avian Biomarker Endpoint

Maul

Farris

2004

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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Accurate identification of contaminant exposure to nontarget organisms involves understanding sources of variation associated with contaminant specific biomarkers. Cholinesterase (ChE) enzyme activity is the biochemical endpoint most often used to assess organism exposure to organophosphorus (OP) pesticides. A potential source of variation for this biomarker is sex, however, a generalized pattern of sex as a source of variation for avian ChE levels remains equivocal. In this study, sex-dependent variation in plasma ChE activity was examined in breeding northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) from reference populations free of OP pesticide exposure. Male (n = 32) total ChE activity (1.745 +/- 0.541) was greater than female (n = 26) total ChE activity (1.480 +/- 0.576) (p = 0.015). Likewise, benchmarks based on reference means and used for exposure identification (e.g., 20% reduction and the diagnostic threshold) were higher in males than females. With females having a 15.2% lower ChE activity than males, a substantial source of error exists for exposure assessment since some researchers consider a 20% inhibition as evidence of exposure. A second objective was to survey published literature to examine the extent that studies have accounted or controlled for the potential effect of sex on ChE activity. More studies (56.3%) pooled data for male and female ChE activity than studies that statistically tested for an effect (20.3%) or tested hypotheses using a single sex (23.4%) (p < 0.0001; n = 64). Based on these findings, it is suggested that the effect of sex be considered in future studies using the ChE biomarker for identification of passerine exposure to OP pesticides, particularly if examining plasma sources of ChE in actively breeding passerines.

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Competitive Behavior of Birds at Feeders

Mostrom

2003

Exploring Animal Behavior in Laboratory and Field

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Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis)

Cited by 18 publications

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The role of historical and contemporary processes on phylogeographic structure and genetic diversity in the Northern Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis

The role of historical and contemporary processes on phylogeographic structure and genetic diversity in the Northern Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis

The Effect of Sex on Avian Plasma Cholinesterase Enzyme Activity: A Potential Source of Variation in an Avian Biomarker Endpoint

Competitive Behavior of Birds at Feeders

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