2019
DOI: 10.3390/geosciences9030135
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Northern Hemisphere Snow-Cover Trends (1967–2018): A Comparison between Climate Models and Observations

Abstract: Observed changes in Northern Hemisphere snow cover from satellite records were compared to those predicted by all available Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (“CMIP5”) climate models over the duration of the satellite’s records, i.e., 1967–2018. A total of 196 climate model runs were analyzed (taken from 24 climate models). Separate analyses were conducted for the annual averages and for each of the seasons (winter, spring, summer, and autumn/fall). A longer record (1922–2018) for the spring season… Show more

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Cited by 32 publications
(9 citation statements)
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References 58 publications
(190 reference statements)
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“…The seasonal snowpack covers high-latitude regions at low elevation 6 to 10 months of the year (Connolly et al, 2019). Snow physical properties such as specific surface area (SSA) and density determine albedo (Carmagnola et al, 2013), an essential component of the surface energy budget.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…The seasonal snowpack covers high-latitude regions at low elevation 6 to 10 months of the year (Connolly et al, 2019). Snow physical properties such as specific surface area (SSA) and density determine albedo (Carmagnola et al, 2013), an essential component of the surface energy budget.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In particular, simulated snow density profiles were inverted relative to observations. Both models predicted dense basal layers and light top layers, while most snow observations in the high Arctic have reported low-density basal layers made of depth hoar and high-density upper wind slabs (Derksen et al, 2009;Domine et al, 2002Domine et al, , 2012Domine et al, , 2016b. The explanation proposed (Domine et al, 2019(Domine et al, , 2016b) is that Crocus and SNOWPACK were calibrated using data from sites in the Alps, i.e., for mid-latitude warm, thick snowpacks, while the Arctic features cold, thin snowpacks.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The Arctic Ocean shows no strong warming amplification in summer as all the extra energy absorbed is used to melt sea-icenot to raise temperatures. In contrast, the Arctic land-areas (Siberia, Canada, Alaska) have seen very strong warming associated with reductions in snow cover (Connolly et al, 2019). This enhanced high-latitude land warming in summer has also been formerly attributed to be likely (following the IPCC lexicon) due to greenhouse gas forcing (Mann et al, 2017).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…On the other hand, these studies do not consider the uncertainties in snow-covered area associated with the NRSD's binary classification, and their spatial and temporal variations (Allchin & Déry, 2017). It has also been noted that the models from which snow cover data sets are synthesized do not yet comprehensively represent the response of atmospheric circulation, and consequent changes in the timings and distribution of snowfall, to both secular anthropogenic and cyclic natural influences (Connolly et al, 2019;Francis, 2017;Overland et al, 2016).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%