Norway Spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) as a Bioresource: Evaluation of Solid Wood, Particleboard, and MDF Technological Properties and Formaldehyde Emission

Salem, Mohamed Z. M.; Zeidler, Aleš; Böhm, Martin; Srba, Jaromír

doi:10.15376/biores.8.1.1199-1221

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…e small chamber size and higher air exchange rate however can increase error sourced from the unhomogeneous nature of the particleboards themselves. Inconsistencies caused by sample heterogeneity and chamber conditions have previously been reported by Salem et al [37]. is hypothesis is supported by the fact that correlation between ASTM and DMC emissions for the most unhomogeneous particleboard type C was poor, lowering the correlation (Figure 3(a)).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 69%

Evaluation of Dynamic Microchamber as a Quick Factory Formaldehyde Emission Control Method for Industrial Particleboards

Hemmilä

Zabka²,

Αδαμόπουλος

2018

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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e most common formaldehyde control method for wood panels in Europe, the perforator method, measures formaldehyde content, while most of the legal requirements in the world are based on emissions. Chamber methods typically used for emission measurements require too much time to reach steady state for factory quality control. e aim of this study was therefore to investigate whether emission values of particleboards measured one day after production would be usable for quality control purposes. e correlation between 1-day and 7-day emission values was determined using a dynamic microchamber (DMC).ree industrial board types that differed in density and emission levels were used for the evaluation. e online emission measuring equipment Aero-laser AL4021 connected to the 1 m 3 chamber was used to gain further information on the emission reduction behaviour of the different board types. Only the two particleboard types with higher densities showed good correlation between the 1-day and 7-day emissions. e overall results suggested that 1-day emission values can be used for factory quality control purposes; however, if the initial 1-day values are above the permitted level, extensive evaluation for each individual board type needs to be performed.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 69%

Evaluation of Dynamic Microchamber as a Quick Factory Formaldehyde Emission Control Method for Industrial Particleboards

Hemmilä

Zabka²,

Αδαμόπουλος

2018

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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“…The developed methods take less than three days, in comparison to the reference methods, which require 7 to 28 days (Salem et al 2012a;Yu and Crump 1999). The new method was validated using the characteristic PEER-REVIEWED REVIEW ARTICLE bioresources.com Salem and Böhm (2013). "Formaldehyde from wood," BioResources 8(3), 4775-4790.…”

Section: Test Methods For Formaldehyde Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The values of FE could be affected by the anatomy of the respective wood species (Salem et al 2012a(Salem et al , 2013. For example, Böhm et al (2012) found that plywood panels produced from poplar veneer [low specific gravity (SG, 0.33)] with a simple anatomy produce lower FE values.…”

Section: Effect Of Wood Drying On Formaldehyde Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding of Formaldehyde Emissions from Solid Wood: An Overview

Salem¹,

Böhm²

2013

BioResources

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Wood is known to contain and emit volatile organic compounds including formaldehyde. The emission of formaldehyde from wood increases during its processing to lumber and wood-based panels (i.e., particleboard and fiberboard). This increased emission can be attributed to the processing procedure of wood, which includes drying, pressing, and thermo-hydrolysis. Formaldehyde is emitted from wood under very high heat and is not expected to be a significant source of the emissions from composite wood products during normal service. Formaldehyde is also detectable even if wood has never been heated as well as under more or less ambient conditions. The presence of formaldehyde in the emissions from wood that does not contain adhesive resin has been explained by thermal degradation of polysaccharides in the wood. The emission levels of formaldehyde depend on factors such as wood species, moisture content, outside temperature, and time of storage. Additionally, the pyrolysis of milled wood lignin at 450 °C yields benzaldehyde, and the pyrolysis of spruce and pinewood at 450 °C generate formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 2-propenal, butanal, and butanone, which can be attributed to the breakdown of the polysaccharide fraction of the wood. Keywords INTRODUCTIONThe European Union, the USA, China, and Japan now have legislation regulating the allowed levels of formaldehyde emission (FE) from wood and wood-based products, and without doubt there will be increased focus and controls placed on products that are known to release formaldehyde (Salthammer et al. 2010). The main sources of FE from wood-based products such as medium density fiberboard (MDF), particleboard (PB), and plywood are the resins used, such as urea-formaldehyde (UF), melamine-modified urea formaldehyde (MUF), and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) (Salem et al. 2011a). Solid wood grown in normal forest conditions releases low levels of formaldehyde, particularly during the manufacturing process (Salem et al. 2012a). Furthermore, PF resins are frequently used in the manufacture of cork products. For this reason, formaldehyde and phenol are often measured together (Horn et al. 1998 Formaldehyde is a naturally occurring chemical in wood, as wood contains a diminutive, but still detectable amount of free formaldehyde. Formaldehyde can be formed from the main components of wood (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin) as well as from its extractives (Schäfer and Roffael 2000) to different extents depending on the boundary conditions (pH value, temperature). On the other hand, the inorganic substances in wood do not directly contribute to formaldehyde release.The FE from solid wood increases at elevated temperatures and prolonged heating times (Schäfer and Roffael 2000), even in the absence of wood resin (Jiang et al. 2002). On the other hand, the degree of polymerization of cellulose seems to have no significant influence on the emission of formaldehyde; also, raising the temperature to 100 and 150 °C, the formaldehyde liberation from starch is also very low even at high reaction ...

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“…Norway spruce (Picea abies) is indigenous to the European Alps and ranges north towards Scandinavia and North Russia (Salem et al 2013;Bianchi et al 2014). P. abies wood is robust, soft, straight-and fine-grained, and simply worked (Cope et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The principal component of the resin fraction is the labdane type diterpene larixyl acetate (Kolhir et al 1996). Larixol and larixyl acetate are distinctive compounds for larch resin, as they have been specifically found in L. decidua and L. gmelinii.Norway spruce (Picea abies) is indigenous to the European Alps and ranges north towards Scandinavia and North Russia (Salem et al 2013;Bianchi et al 2014). P. abies wood is robust, soft, straight-and fine-grained, and simply worked (Cope et al 2002).…”

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confidence: 99%

In vitro Bioactivity and Antimicrobial Activity of Picea abies and Larix decidua Wood and Bark Extracts

Salem

Elansary

Elkelish

et al. 2016

BioRes

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Picea abies and Larix decidua were subjected to GC/MS analyses, and antimicrobial (fungi and bacteria) assays of their stem wood and bark extracts were investigated. L. decidua bark extract exhibited the highest antifungal and antibacterial activities against the microorganisms that were screened. The microbes Penecillium ochrochloron and Aspergillus ochraceus were the most sensitive to the extracts, whereas Candida albicans was the most resistant fungus. L. decidua wood and bark did not exhibit much variation in their antibacterial activities, except against Micrococcus flavus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bacterium most sensitive to the extracts was Escherichia coli, whereas the most resistant was M. flavus. 13-epimanool and α-cedrol were the main components of P. abies wood extract. The main components in its bark were abietic acid, astringin, dehydroabietic acid, and α-terpineol. The main chemical compounds in L. decidua wood extract were abietic acid, oleanolic acid, duvatrienediol, and larixol. The main chemical compounds in its bark were (-)-2,9-dihydroxyverrucosane and larixol. The study revealed that P. abies and L. decidua stem wood and bark extracts contain several compounds that have antimicrobial activities towards diverse human pathogenic, food, and agricultural microbes. These results might guide in future searches for novel natural products with chemotherapeutic uses. (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; b: Molecular Biology Laboratory, Floriculture, Ornamental Horticulture and Garden Design Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; c: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; d: Department of Wood Processing, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; e: Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; f: Department of Timber Trees Research, Sabahia Horticulture Research Station, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Alexandria, Egypt; g: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida campus, Florida 1710, South Africa; * Corresponding author: zidan_forest@yahoo.com; mohamed-salim@alexu.edu.eg Keywords: Picea abies; Larix decidua; Antifungal activity; Antibacterial activity; GC/MS Contact information: a: Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Faculty of Agriculture INTRODUCTIONForestry residues such as tree barks and branches are important but underexplored supplies of biologically or pharmaceutically active compounds (Liimatainen et al. 2012;Si et al. 2012;Patinha et al. 2013). Tree bark, for example, provides not only a physical protective barrier for plants, but also an important chemical defense mediated through the secondary compounds they produce (Horsfall 1980;Merrill 1992;Alfredsen et al. 2008). Numerous studies recently conducted on bark extracts focus on tropical tree spec...

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Norway Spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) as a Bioresource: Evaluation of Solid Wood, Particleboard, and MDF Technological Properties and Formaldehyde Emission

Cited by 19 publications

References 19 publications

Evaluation of Dynamic Microchamber as a Quick Factory Formaldehyde Emission Control Method for Industrial Particleboards

Evaluation of Dynamic Microchamber as a Quick Factory Formaldehyde Emission Control Method for Industrial Particleboards

Understanding of Formaldehyde Emissions from Solid Wood: An Overview

In vitro Bioactivity and Antimicrobial Activity of Picea abies and Larix decidua Wood and Bark Extracts

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