Norwegian emissions of CO2 1987–1994

Larsen, Bodil Merethe; Nesbakken, Runa

doi:10.1007/bf02441400

Cited by 26 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Claims have been made that the Swedish and Norwegian taxes have reduced carbon emissions (Bohlin 1998;Larsen and Nesbakken 1997), but in all the Nordic countries, except Finland, a variety of tax exemptions have made effective carbon tax rates significantly lower than nominal rates, thereby increasing skepticism regarding the efficacy of these policies. For example, Sweden's manufacturing tax exemptions and reductions result in effective CO 2 tax rates ranging from 19 to 44 percent of nominal rates (Ekins and Speck 1999).…”

Section: Effluent Charges In Western Europementioning

confidence: 99%

Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments

Stavins

2003

Handbook of Environmental Economics

439

254

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Environmental policies typically combine the identification of a goal with some means to achieve that goal. This chapter for the forthcoming Handbook of Environmental Economics focuses exclusively on the second component, the means-the "instruments"-of environmental policy, and considers, in particular, experience around the world with the relatively new breed of economic-incentive or marketbased policy instruments. I define these instruments broadly, and consider them within four categories: charge systems; tradable permits; market friction reductions; and government subsidy reductions. Within charge systems, I consider: effluent charges, deposit-refund systems, user charges, insurance premium taxes, sales taxes, administrative charges, and tax differentiation. Within tradeable permit systems, I consider both credit programs and cap-and-trade systems. Under the heading of reducing market frictions, I examine: market creation, liability rules, and information programs. Finally, under reducing government subsidies, I review a number of specific examples from around the world. By defining market-based instruments broadly, I cast a large net for this review of applications. As a consequence, the review is extensive. But this should not leave the impression that market-based instruments have replaced, or have come anywhere close to replacing, the conventional, command-andcontrol approach to environmental protection. Further, even where these approaches have been used in their purest form and with some success, such as in the case of tradeable-permit systems in the United States, they have not always performed as anticipated. In the final part of the paper, I ask what lessons can be learned from our experiences. In particular, I consider normative lessons for: design and implementation; analysis of prospective and adopted systems; and identification of new applications.

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Section: Effluent Charges In Western Europementioning

confidence: 99%

Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments

Stavins

2003

Handbook of Environmental Economics

439

254

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“…• case studies of company responses based on interviews and some hard data (Shopley and Brasseur, 1996;Clasen, 1998) • detailed technological assessments of changes in energy technology and marginal abatement costs for particular sectors (ECON, 1994(ECON, , 1997 • surveys covering a larger sample of companies using a standard questionnaire (Energy Agency, 1999a,b) • comparative studies using simple time-series analysis (Enevoldsen, 1998(Enevoldsen, , 2000 • panel databases with statistical analysis (Bjørner et al, 1998;Bjørner and Togeby, 1999) • bottom-up energy systems modelling (NUTEK, 1994(NUTEK, , 1997 • calibration of general equilibrium models and macroeconomic modelling with historical data (Larsen and Nesbakken, 1997) • combinations of models and surveys (Ministry of Finance, 1999), or combinations of in-depth interviews, technological assessments and surveys (Naturvårdsverket, 1995).…”

Section: Methods For Ex-post Evaluationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A comprehensive analysis of CO 2 emissions in the household and industrial sectors has been carried out by Statistics Norway (Larsen and Nesbakken, 1997). The approach used was a counterfactual analysis in which a baseline without tax was constructed and compared with actual developments.…”

Section: Norwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Vikings and virtues: a decade of CO₂taxation

Andersen¹

2004

Climate Policy

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Experience with implementation of CO 2 taxes spans almost a decade in the Nordic countries, and time is ripe for an evaluation of their performance. In contrast to ex-ante forecasts, empirical research can show the extent to which such taxes deliver on the assumptions of economic theory. A survey of the existing literature shows that there are currently 20 ex-post studies of the full or partial effects of CO 2 taxes. Evaluations are complicated by frequent changes in tax rates, widespread exemptions and the 'too many variables' problem. Attempts have been made to deal with these problems by using a variety of approaches and research techniques, some more advanced than others. On balance the studies appear to show that emissions have been curbed when compared to businessas-usual forecasts, while absolute CO 2 reduction remains the exception. Among the Nordic countries, Denmark's scheme, which combines taxes with subsidies for energy efficiency, seems to have attained the most marked results, although the achieved reductions also reflect the higher carbon content of the Danish energy sector. The evaluations differ considerably in scope, approach and methodology. Methodological issues connected with expost evaluation are considered. An adequate evaluation of the impact of the CO 2 taxes, in both environmental and economic terms, will require the establishment of comprehensive panel databases of energy consumers.

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“…Studies show that the carbon emissions are reduced because of tax in Norway and Sweden (Larsen and Nesbakken, 1997;Bohlin, 1998). In these countries in addition to Denmark, taxes are intended to have an incentive effect, in addition to a revenue generating effect, while effects of revenue generating mechanism are emphasised in Italy (see Table 1).…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 98%

Environmental policies for agriculture in Europe

Toyoda

Managi

2004

IJARGE

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This study analyses the environmental policies in Europe and particularly in Netherlands. Comprehensive analysis of their policy package, which includes environmental taxes, tax exemptions, and the voluntary environmental agreement are provided. Each method does seem to show significant effects to reduce the environmental bads. This paper also presents an economic analysis of the glasshouse horticulture industry in Netherlands focusing on direct and dynamic effects, where direct effect refers to strengthen the cost competitiveness of the industry and dynamic effect refers to the incentives on technological innovations.

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Norwegian emissions of CO2 1987–1994

Cited by 26 publications

References 8 publications

Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments

Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments

Vikings and virtues: a decade of CO₂taxation

Environmental policies for agriculture in Europe

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Norwegian emissions of CO2 1987–1994

Cited by 26 publications

References 8 publications

Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments

Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments

Vikings and virtues: a decade of CO2taxation

Environmental policies for agriculture in Europe

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Vikings and virtues: a decade of CO₂taxation