Norwegian Oil and Gas Industry Project to Reduce Hydrocarbon Leaks

Abstract

Summary The prevention of hydrocarbon (HC) leaks is of great importance because they are the most critical precursor events that may lead to major accidents, such as in the case of Piper Alpha. The number of HC leaks on offshore production installations on the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS) peaked just after the year 2000, with more than 40 leaks per year of an initial rate greater than 0.1 kg/s. The Norwegian Oil and Gas Association (Norwegian Oil and Gas) conducted a reduction project from 2003 to 2008, which resulted in only 10 HC leaks greater than 0.1 kg/s in 2007. The number of leaks increased in the years after 2007, and there were 15, on average, in the period 2008–2010, without any significant increase in the number of installations. Norwegian Oil and Gas started a new project early in 2011 to reduce the number of HC leaks yet further. The initiative will be completed at the end of 2013, but has already started to show promising results. A study undertaken as part of the project concluded that more than 50% of the leaks are associated with the failure of operational barriers during human intervention into the process systems. Human and organizational factors predominate with respect to circumstances and root causes. This paper presents the HC-leak-reduction project, the rationale behind it, and its main activities, which aim to reflect the operational challenges. The activities tie in closely with the results of the analysis of the leaks during the period 2008 through 2011. The single operational barrier that has failed most commonly is the verification of critical activities. The paper also discusses the risk-reduction principles in a barrier context, with an emphasis on operational barriers, as well as some of the challenges faced in the project.

Regulation under uncertainty: The coevolution of industry and regulation

“…). In the second project, the PSA traced the origins of many leaks to actions by improperly trained personal and introduced courses on manual operation with flanges, fittings, valves, and other equipment in response (Vinnem & Røed , p. 88).…”

Root causes of hydrocarbon leaks on offshore petroleum installations

“…That also fits in well with the present context. The data in Vinnem & Røed (2014), as well as in Figure 7 above, all suggests that the majority of failures occurred in association with operations by personnel employed by the operator company (i.e. in the phases of planning, isolation, and reinstatement).…”

“…The approach used in the analysis of leaks is documented in Røed et al (2012) and in Vinnem and Røed (2014).…”

“…Vinnem and Røed (2014) have shown that verification failure during manual intervention is one of the key aspects contributing to HC leaks. The majority of failures (16 out of 23 cases) were due to the failure of complying with the requirements to carry out an independent verification as presented by the instruction for the work and in the form of an isolation plan.…”

Uncertainties in a risk management context in early phases of offshore petroleum field development

“…This is not obvious from the facts, and is, in any case, certainly not the case on the NCS. Reduction of the number of HC leaks is, in any case, the topic of special campaigns, see for instance Vinnem and Røed (2014). Khorsandi et al (2012) have reflected on the development of offshore regulations in Norway and have discussed some critical issues.…”