Norwegian salmon goes to market: The case of the Austevoll seafood cluster

Value chain upgrading: Evidence from the Singaporean aquaculture industry

“…[35,31,3]), the findings of this paper do not support such a position. On the contrary, the overall picture gathered highlights the difficulties involved in sustaining a space-intensive operation (with a comparatively lower value-added content vis-à-vis other economic activities) in a small and space-constrained city-state, notwithstanding the inherent complexities of upgrading per se.…”

“…More crucially, while existing research on aquaculture activities in other countries (e.g. Norway) reveals that integration to value chains has encouraged a considerable portion of the fish farming firms to upgrade their activities [30,31], the findings of this paper do not provide evidence of such a development. While some of the firms have been able to upgrade by investing in more advanced fish rearing technology, they are the exception rather than the rule (Interview 10/12/2013).…”

“…For instance, Norway's predominantly social democratic regimes (and their commitment to the welfare state) have consistently enacted policies that favor small scale fish farming firms over capital, leading to decentralized local ownership and geographic dispersion within the Norwegian salmon aquaculture industry [30]. Until relatively recently, the Norwegian government has passed legislations that permitted only limited economic concentration, safeguarding the many small scale rural salmon farming firms that reside along its dispersed coastline, and providing them with ample avenue to upgrade their operations [31]. Another example can be seen in the state-sponsored introduction of the bighead carp (a native species of China) into the Philippines, and the fish's subsequent popularization among the Filipino public [32].…”

“…The AVA also helps the fish farming firms identify problems that hinder production and to develop improvement plans such as the adoption of more advanced farming technology [7]. For the sea farms, one of the most pragmatic measures involves the establishment of large industrial farming systems utilizing deep net cages similar to those employed in the highly successful Norwegian salmon farming system (see also [31]). Chou and Lee [55] postulate that such a farming system can be located far from coastal activities, utilizing more of the vertical water column than sea area.…”

The political ecology of Chilean salmon aquaculture, 1982–2010: A trajectory from economic development to global sustainability

“…the Norwegian sector collapse in the early 1990s (Holm and Jentoft, 1996), and the disease outbreak in Scotland in the late 1990s that brought the sector close to the brink. This uncertainty in home countries has also been a trigger for increased foreign investment in Chile where low disease rates, available sites and weak regulation initially provided incentives for TNCs (Foreign Investment Committee, 2006Fløysand et al, 2005;Phyne et al, 2006). To avoid a 'bust' scenario, particularly with regards to disease outbreaks and high mortalities, a strict regulatory regime was required.…”