Nosocomial diarrhea caused by Salmonella derby infection in two patients on chemotherapy

Philippczik, Gabi; Fehrenbaeh, Jürgen; Steinbrückner, Bernhard; Potthoff, K.; Spyridonidis, A.; Lindemann, A.; Kist, Manfred; Bauer, Tilman

doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.1999.tb00442.x

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…However, it was reported recently as one of the serovars of nontyphoidal salmonellosis in humans (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). Salmonella Derby isolated from dairy calves in this study is more host specific and adapted to pigs and is reported to cause clinical salmonella infections in humans (Philippczik et al, 1999). Salmonella Typhimurium DT02 has a narrow host range and more commonly causes infections in pigeons (Rabsch, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Salmonella enterica and extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli recovered from Holstein dairy calves from 8 farms in New Brunswick, Canada

Awosile

McClure

Sánchez

et al. 2018

Journal of Dairy Science

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This study was carried out to determine the frequency of fecal carriage, antimicrobial susceptibility, and resistance genes in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli with reduced susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) isolated from 488 dairy calves from 8 farms in New Brunswick, Canada. Both S. enterica and E. coli with reduced susceptibility to ESC were isolated using selective culture. Minimum inhibitory concentrations to a panel of antimicrobial drugs were determined for randomly selected E. coli isolates and all of the Salmonella isolates. Multiplex PCR were conducted on the selected ESC-resistant E. coli to assess the β-lactamase resistance genes (bla, bla, bla, and bla) and plasmid-mediated qnrB and qnrS resistant genes. Information on ceftiofur use and other farm management practices were collected by the use of a questionnaire to determine the risk factors for the fecal recovery of E. coli with reduced susceptibility to ESC. Salmonella enterica frequency in calves' fecal samples was 3.3%, and all were pansusceptible. Salmonella isolates belonged to 3 serovars namely Salmonella Senftenberg, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Derby. The frequency of fecal carriage of E. coli with reduced susceptibility to ESC in calves was 81.2%. Of the selected isolates (n = 100), all were multi-drug resistant, whereas 88% were ESC resistant based on minimum inhibitory concentration testing. From the selected ESC-resistant E. coli isolates, bla was detected in 84.1%, bla was detected in 52.2%, bla groups were detected in 30.7%, and bla was detected in 1.1% of isolates. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes were identified in 7 of 9 isolates resistant to quinolones. Five isolates were positive for qnrB, whereas 2 isolates were positive for both qnrB and qnrS. Whereas neonatal calves [odds ratio (OR) = 2.42, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.87-3.12], regular ceftiofur use on the farm (OR = 3.83, 95% CI: 2.29-6.39), feeding of unpasteurized nonsalable milk (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.18-2.18), and use of florfenicol (OR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.43-2.86) were statistically associated with fecal recovery of E. coli with reduced susceptibility to ESC, use of ceftiofur for the treatment of respiratory diseases (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.41-0.79) was statistically associated with decreased recovery of E. coli with reduced susceptibility to ESC. This study has provided information on the resistance genes associated with the occurrence of ESC and fluoroquinolone resistance in dairy calves within this region.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Salmonella enterica and extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli recovered from Holstein dairy calves from 8 farms in New Brunswick, Canada

Awosile

McClure

Sánchez

et al. 2018

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…3,8,9 Nosocomial diarrhea is most frequently an adverse effect of antibiotic administration or enteral tube feeding or a consequence of Clostridium difficile infection. 10 However, "conventional" pathogens such as Salmonella, Yersinia enterocolitica, or Campylobacter may cause sporadic nosocomial diarrhea 11 and nosocomial outbreaks. 12,13 Prompt detection of such episodes would be compromised by the strict application of the 3-day rule.…”

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confidence: 99%

Derivation and Validation of Guidelines for Stool Cultures for Enteropathogenic Bacteria Other Than <EMPH TYPE="ITAL">Clostridium difficile</EMPH> in Hospitalized Adults

Bauer

Lalvani²,

J³

et al. 2001

JAMA

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105

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“…Nevertheless, in a report from 1994, 24 of 40 cancer patients with salmonellosis had received prior chemotherapy, and in 23 patients the infections were considered nosocomial [7]. There are, however, three additional cases of possible NTS reactivation in the literature [14,24] in which nosocomial acquisition cannot be excluded. One of these patients [24] had reactivation bacteremia with negative stool cultures, which may suggest an extraintestinal site of Salmonella latency, such as the reticuloendothelial system [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aim of this retrospective study was to identify a clinically useful method to differentiate between these possibilities. Nosocomial transmission of NTS is rare in Western countries [14,15], and the typical incubation period for NTS infection is 6-48 h [1,2]. Therefore, in a patient undergoing cancer chemotherapy, the onset of NTS diarrhea more than 3 days after admission to the hospital, in the absence of epidemiological evidence of nosocomial transmission, would suggest chemotherapy-triggered reactivation of asymptomatic NTS colonization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nosocomial nontyphoidal salmonellosis after antineoplastic chemotherapy: reactivation of asymptomatic colonization?

Delaloye

Merlani

Petignat

et al. 2004

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis

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An increased frequency of nontyphoidal salmonellosis is well established in cancer patients, but it is unclear whether this represents increased susceptibility to exogenous infection or opportunistic, endogenous reactivation of asymptomatic carriage. In a retrospective study, a simple case definition was used to identify the probable presence of reactivation salmonellosis in five cancer patients between 1996 and 2002. Reactivation salmonellosis was defined as the development of nosocomial diarrhea >72 h after admission and following the administration of antineoplastic chemotherapy in an HIV-seronegative cancer patient who was asymptomatic on admission, in the absence of epidemiological evidence of a nosocomial outbreak. Primary salmonellosis associated with unrecognized nosocomial transmission or community acquisition and an unusually prolonged incubation period could not entirely be ruled out. During the same time period, another opportunistic infection, Pneumocystis pneumonia, was diagnosed in six cancer patients. Presumably, asymptomatic intestinal Salmonella colonization was converted to invasive infection by chemotherapy-associated intestinal mucosal damage and altered innate immune mechanisms. According to published guidelines, stool specimens from patients hospitalized for longer than 72 h should be rejected unless the patient is neutropenic or >or=65 years old with significant comorbidity. However, in this study neutropenia was present in only one patient, and four patients were <65 years old. Guidelines should thus be revised in order not to reject stool culture specimens from such patients. In cancer patients, nosocomial salmonellosis can occur as a chemotherapy-triggered opportunistic reactivation infection that may be similar in frequency to Pneumocystis pneumonia.

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Nosocomial diarrhea caused by Salmonella derby infection in two patients on chemotherapy

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

Salmonella enterica and extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli recovered from Holstein dairy calves from 8 farms in New Brunswick, Canada

Salmonella enterica and extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli recovered from Holstein dairy calves from 8 farms in New Brunswick, Canada

Derivation and Validation of Guidelines for Stool Cultures for Enteropathogenic Bacteria Other Than <EMPH TYPE="ITAL">Clostridium difficile</EMPH> in Hospitalized Adults

Nosocomial nontyphoidal salmonellosis after antineoplastic chemotherapy: reactivation of asymptomatic colonization?

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