Nosocomial <i>Serratia marcescens</i> Outbreak in Osaka, Japan, From 1999 to 2000

Takahashi, Hiroshi; Kramer, Michael H.; Yasui, Yoshinori; Fujii, Hayato; Nakase, Koichi; Ikeda, Kazuhito; Imai, Tatsuya; Okazawa, Akiko; Tanaka, Tomoyuki; Ohyama, Takaaki; Okabe, Nobuhiko

doi:10.1086/502367

Cited by 24 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Opportunistic infections attributed to S. marcescens have been traced to many different sources over the years. Contaminated ultrasonic nebulizers (320), ventilator nebulizers (374), inhalation therapy medications (335), inhalation therapy stock solutions (391), air conditioning units (223,304), shaving brushes used prior to surgery (237,408,409), pressure transducers (30,112,397), tap water from pressure-monitoring equipment (327), urine-measuring containers, urinometers, urine-collecting basins, and urinals (147,329,349,356,418), a cystoscopy area (222), sinks (202,356), bronchoscopes (304,353,389), reusable rectal balloons (61), electrocardiogram leads (360), vitrectomy apparatuses (211), theater linen (124), glass syringes used for preparing intravenous injection fluids (382), saline solutions (66), heparinized saline (375), cream used for obstetric pelvic examinations (365), liquid nonmedicated soap (337), a liquid soap dispenser (374), a finger ring (201), tap water used to take oral medications (186), betamethasone injections (77), an anesthetic (propofol) (33,181,278), a narcotic (fentanyl) (289), and transfusion products (315,342,403) have all been found to be reservoirs for S. marcescens.…”

Section: S Marcescensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the 1960s and 1970s, serological typing was the primary method used to determine strain relatedness, in addition to phenotypic characteristics and antibiogram similarity. PFGE has been used in many investigations and is a very reliable typing method for Serratia outbreaks (26,77,83,113,181,183,201,211,246,289,304,349,369,374,382,391,395). Enzyme electrophoresis was used to study isolates in at least one study (155).…”

Section: S Marcescensmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serratia Infections: from Military Experiments to Current Practice

2011

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SUMMARY Serratia species, in particular Serratia marcescens , are significant human pathogens. S. marcescens has a long and interesting taxonomic, medical experimentation, military experimentation, and human clinical infection history. The organisms in this genus, particularly S. marcescens , were long thought to be nonpathogenic. Because S. marcescens was thought to be a nonpathogen and is usually red pigmented, the U.S. military conducted experiments that attempted to ascertain the spread of this organism released over large areas. In the process, members of both the public and the military were exposed to S. marcescens , and this was uncovered by the press in the 1970s, leading to U.S. congressional hearings. S. marcescens was found to be a certain human pathogen by the mid-1960s. S. marcescens and S. liquefaciens have been isolated as causative agents of numerous outbreaks and opportunistic infections, and the association of these organisms with point sources such as medical devices and various solutions given to hospitalized patients is striking. Serratia species appear to be common environmental organisms, and this helps to explain the large number of nosocomial infections due to these bacteria. Since many nosocomial infections are caused by multiply antibiotic-resistant strains of S. marcescens , this increases the danger to hospitalized patients, and hospital personnel should be vigilant in preventing nosocomial outbreaks due to this organism. S. marcescens , and probably other species in the genus, carries several antibiotic resistance determinants and is also capable of acquiring resistance genes. S. marcescens and S. liquefaciens are usually identified well in the clinical laboratory, but the other species are rare enough that laboratory technologists may not recognize them. 16S rRNA gene sequencing may enable better identification of some of the less common Serratia species.

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Section: S Marcescensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: S Marcescensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serratia Infections: from Military Experiments to Current Practice

2011

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“…[14][15][16][17] Different environmental sources for both S. marcescens and K. pneumoniae have been described (e.g. contaminated medical devices, 18 contaminated milk, 15 intravenous and topical solutions, [19][20][21] liquid soap, 22,23 air conditioning 24 ), although epidemiological investigation often fails to reveal a common source for the outbreak. 13,25,26 However, colonized and infected infants are the most frequent reservoir of micro-organisms and are potential sources of horizontal transmission through handling by healthcare personnel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simultaneous outbreak of Serratia marcescens and Klebsiella pneumoniae in a neonatal intensive care unit

Casolari

Pecorari

Fabio

et al. 2005

Journal of Hospital Infection

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“…Typhi. [13][14][15][16][17] Whether Ind represents a phase 1 or a phase 2 flagellum remains to be investigated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Flagellin Gene for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi from the East Indonesian Archipelago

Hatta

Sultan²,

Pastoor³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Phase variation is a property unique of some Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains from Indonesia. Salmonella Typhi isolates from Indonesia have been described that in addition to the phase 1 Hd flagellin gene contain a second flagellin gene named z66. S. Typhi isolates from Indonesia with a mutant Hd gene named Hj have also been described. Here, we have identified another flagellin gene of S. Typhi, named Ind, showing a closest homology with the flagellin gene of Serratia marcescens. The Ind gene was detected in 21.8% of the S. Typhi isolates from the East Indonesian archipelago, all of which contained the Hd gene. The Hj gene was not detected. The z66 gene was present in 15.4% of the isolates. The presence of these “foreign” flagellin genes could be associated with an increased risk for developing severe disease.

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Nosocomial Serratia marcescens Outbreak in Osaka, Japan, From 1999 to 2000

Abstract: Poor hospital hygiene and the lack of standard infection control measures contributed to infections hospital-wide. Recommendations to the hospital included adoption of written infection control policies.

Cited by 24 publications

References 16 publications

Serratia Infections: from Military Experiments to Current Practice

Serratia Infections: from Military Experiments to Current Practice

A simultaneous outbreak of Serratia marcescens and Klebsiella pneumoniae in a neonatal intensive care unit

New Flagellin Gene for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi from the East Indonesian Archipelago

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