Nosocomial Influenza A Infection

Ba, McDougal; Gr, Hodges; Hd, Lewis; Jw, Davis; Sa, C

doi:10.1097/00007611-197708000-00044

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…E ACH WINTER. INFLUENZA VIRUSES CAUSE A DRAMATIC INcrease in visits to physicians' offices and hospital emergency rooms across Canada (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9). Influenza outbreaks are also known to result in increased absenteeism and lost productivity among hospital staff (9)(10)(11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Morbidity, Cost and Role of Health Care Worker Transmission in an Influenza Outbreak in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Yassi

McGill

Holton

et al. 1992

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiolog

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An influenza A outbreak involving 17 health care workers (HCWs) and 16 chronic geriatric patients on a ward in a tertiary care hospital was reviewed. Thirty-seven per cent of all HCWs and 47% of patients on the affected wards became ill with influenza. Three patients died during the outbreak. The majority of health care workers became ill prior to detecting the first patient case of influenza, suggesting that nosocomial spread from HCWs to patients may have occurred. Only 13.7% of the staff and 5.9% of the patients had been vaccinated prior to the outbreak. Lost time due to HCW absenteeism, outbreak-related medication costs and additional staff time involved in outbreak control resulted in considerable cost to the hospital. It is suggested that much of this cost, as well as morbidity and possibly mortality, could have been avoided by increased immunization of HCWs and patients.

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confidence: 99%

Morbidity, Cost and Role of Health Care Worker Transmission in an Influenza Outbreak in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Yassi

McGill

Holton

et al. 1992

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiolog

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“…54 Thirdly, he reasoned that the hierarchy between Articles 27 and 28, is an "obscurantist tautology." 55 The determination of the question whether a text requires interpretation or not, is in itself an interpretation and at the same time the grounds for determining this are not known. McDougal invoked the doctrine of petitio principii of Vattel, which means that "it is not permissible to interpret what has no need of interpretation."…”

Section: A Criticism Of Textualismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, he argued that the restrictions imposed upon the use of preparatory work are not established 'dicta' and courts have been using it unapologetically. 57 Due to these reasons, McDougal thought of the draft by ILC as unworkable. 58 This, he substantiated, was quite evident from the presence of the Expert Consultant at the Conference whose task was to explain to the members the meanings of the terms used by the Commission.…”

Section: A Criticism Of Textualismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treaty Interpretation in the China Rare Earths Case: A Criticism of Textualism

Ahmad¹,

Ahmad²

2021

China & WTO Rev.

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Today, as fragmentation of international law has become a reality, the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO, being one the most essential adjudicatory bodies, has often been criticized for its overly-textualist approach to interpretation and use of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). This commentary analyses the decision rendered by the Dispute Settlement Body in the China-Rare Earths Case. It explains how the textualist reading given by the Appellate Body could not look into the corresponding GATT regulation, while interpreting the Accession Protocol of China. It argues that this erroneous decision is a result of the DSB's reliance on textualism through the use of Article 31 of the VCLT. It looks into the travaux préparatoires of Article 31 of the VCLT to argue that the concerns raised during the Vienna Conference are still relevant and get reflected even today in the decisionmaking in the China-Rare Earths case.

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“…Influen za A virus infection recurs a lmos t a nnua lly. and nos ocomia l s pread of influ en za is well known to occur (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9). Although n ever unequivocally d ocumented , th ese ou tbreaks a re thou ght to be perpetu a ted by s pread of the virus to s u sceptible hos pital sta ff.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness and Cost‐Benefit of an Influenza Vaccination Program for Health Care Workers

Yassi

Kettner

Hammond³

et al. 1991

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiolog

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This study retrospectively reviewed the effectiveness of a vaccination program for hospital workers in a large tertiary care hospital, quantified influenza-induced absenteeism, and examined the factors determining the costs and benefits of this program. Absenteeism among high risk hospital workers was increased by 35% (P=0.001) during the virulent influenza epidemic of 1987-88. Benefits, measured as the value of sick time avoided, compared with costs, including materials, occupational nursing staff time, employee time during vaccination, and time lost due to adverse reactions, revealed a net benefit of $39.23 per vaccinated employee. Sensitivity analyses highlighted vaccine efficacy and absenteeism due to influenza and adverse reactions to vaccination as the most important factors; with time lost due to adverse reactions as much as 0.013 days per vaccinated employee and a vaccine efficacy of 70%, net positive benefits could be achieved if influenza-induced absenteeism is 0.5% or greater of paid employee time during the epidemic season. The results suggested that the net cost-benefit of a hospital employee vaccination program to decrease both employee morbidity and nosocomial influenza among patients, would be increased by active promotion of the vaccination program, especially for employees in high risk areas.

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Nosocomial Influenza A Infection

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Morbidity, Cost and Role of Health Care Worker Transmission in an Influenza Outbreak in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Morbidity, Cost and Role of Health Care Worker Transmission in an Influenza Outbreak in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Treaty Interpretation in the China Rare Earths Case: A Criticism of Textualism

Effectiveness and Cost‐Benefit of an Influenza Vaccination Program for Health Care Workers

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