We proposed that nostalgia, by virtue of its sociality, can be an indirect strategy to counteract relational deficiencies stemming from group-based exclusion. We instructed Greek participants to recall an event in which they experienced exclusion on the basis of their nationality versus a control event. We anticipated that participants would react to groupbased exclusion with increased nostalgia. Specifically, because low attachment-related avoidance facilitates proximity-seeking in response to distress, we hypothesised that groupbased exclusion would increase nostalgia (a form of proximity-seeking) more strongly when avoidance is low. Results supported this moderation hypothesis. In turn, increased nostalgia in response to group-based exclusion predicted stronger ingroup identification. For lowavoidants, then, group-based exclusion fortified ingroup identification via increased nostalgia (moderated mediation).Keywords: nostalgia, group-based exclusion, attachment-related avoidance, attachment-related anxiety, ingroup identification 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 More importantly, nostalgia is a social emotion (Holak & Havlena, 1992;Sedikides et al., 2015). It represents the human ability to draw strength from memories of close others. In particular, nostalgia promotes perceptions of friendship and social support, engenders subjective interpersonal competence, and prompts prosocial behaviour (e.g., strongerintentions to volunteer and donate to charity, higher charitable donations, increased helping; Stephan et al., 2014;Wildschut et al., 2006;Zhou, Wildschut, Sedikides, Shi, & Feng, 2012).
Nostalgia in Response to Relational DeficienciesIndividuals have a fundamental need to belong (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Tajfel & Turner, 1986). They form social bonds with ease (Festinger, Schachter, & Back, 1950) and resist vehemently their dissolution (Vaughan, 1986). They often rely on social bonds for intimacy and protection when threatened, and those with strong social bonds experience better psychological and physical well-being (Cohen & Wills, 1985;Sarason, Sarason, & Gurung, 1997). When individuals experience relational deficiencies, they activate compensatory mechanisms (Williams, Forgas, & von Hippel, 2005). Gardner, Pickett, andKnowles (2005) distinguished between direct and indirect compensatory mechanisms or Lonely (vs. non-lonely) participants reported lower levels of social support but felt more nostalgic. Nostalgia, in turn, predicted stronger social support. Thus, whereas the direct effect of loneliness was to undermine perceptions of social support, the indirect effect of loneliness was to augment perceptions of social support via nostalgia. Nostalgia counteracted the negative effect of loneliness on social support.
Attachment and Regulation of Relational DeficienciesMore recently, Wildschut, Sedikides, R...