2020
DOI: 10.1007/s40122-020-00217-w
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Not All Pain is Created Equal: Basic Definitions and Diagnostic Work-Up

Abstract: Chronic pain is considered a public health priority by the World Health Organization and European health institutions. It has reached alarming proportions in terms of disability, consumption of health and social resources, and impact on primary and specialist care services. Primary care physicians are often called on to manage this condition. Chronic pain management can be challenging due to its complexity. It has traditionally been considered to include nociceptive pain that that persists longer than the norm… Show more

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Cited by 30 publications
(16 citation statements)
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“…While previous studies have shown that chronic secondary pain due to osteoarthritis is the most common chronic pain condition [3,6], these disorders often respond to orthopedic surgery and typically do not necessitate neuromodulatory treatment [43]. On the other hand, chronic primary pain and chronic neuropathic pain, which are also known to be highly prevalent [3,5], are frequently resistant to standard treatments [44,45]. It is not surprising, then, that these conditions were found to predominate in neurostimulation trials.…”
Section: Current Trends and Future Directionsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…While previous studies have shown that chronic secondary pain due to osteoarthritis is the most common chronic pain condition [3,6], these disorders often respond to orthopedic surgery and typically do not necessitate neuromodulatory treatment [43]. On the other hand, chronic primary pain and chronic neuropathic pain, which are also known to be highly prevalent [3,5], are frequently resistant to standard treatments [44,45]. It is not surprising, then, that these conditions were found to predominate in neurostimulation trials.…”
Section: Current Trends and Future Directionsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In this study, Young's modulus values were dependent on PVP and EC concentrations, as well as the interaction between the polymers PVA-EC and PVO-EC (p < 0.05). Equation ( 4) was used to calculate the values of the estimate coefficients for Young's modulus, and the resulting Equation ( 5) is described below: y = 2.1787 + 1.0160 X 2 + 0.9020 X 3 + 1.5170 X 1 X 3 − 0.8218 X 2 X 3 + 1.1048 X 1 X 2 X 3 (5) The PVA did not exert a significant influence (p > 0.05), because this polymer does not provide stiffness to the film. However, as the PVP or EC amounts increased, the Young modulus of films increased (p < 0.05) (Figure 1).…”
Section: Mechanical Evaluationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thus, pain plays an adaptive role, which may have adverse effects on well-being and psychological and social function [3,4]. This uncomfortable feeling may be classified into acute or chronic [2,3,5] and emotional or sensory pain [4]. Recommendable appropriate analgesics for emotional pain are anxiolytics (minor tranquilizers), antidepressants, and antipsychotics (major tranquilizers).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Nociplastic pain may be found in over 20% of people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), a demyelinating autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system [4]; about 80% of pwMS sufferers are affected by several degrees of spasticity [5], the most important symptom of the pyramidal disfunction, characterized by an involuntary muscle hyperactivity in the presence of central paresis [6]. Spasticity is considered to be the most disabling symptom when walking and the main cause of falls [7]; all types of pain may be amplifiers of spasticity [8]. Unfortunately, nociplastic pain is not often evaluated and treated, probably due to the recent definition of its clinical features and evaluation methods.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Unfortunately, nociplastic pain is not often evaluated and treated, probably due to the recent definition of its clinical features and evaluation methods. A few studies proposed diagnostic procedures and tools that are useful for correct assessment [8], while others suggested different treatments for dermatomal hyperalgesia, such as acupuncture and manipulative medicine [9], mesotherapy [10] and intradermal saline infiltration [11], with an efficacy that is not clearly supported by strong evidence. In this article, we reported the evaluation method and a dermatomal infiltrative treatment for cutaneous nociplastic pain, showing the results by 3D gait analysis.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%