Notch signaling patterns head horn shape in the bull-headed dung beetle Onthophagus taurus

Crabtree, Jordan; Macagno, Anna L. M.; Moczek, Armin P.; Rohner, Patrick T.; Hu, Yonggang

doi:10.1007/s00427-020-00645-w

Cited by 11 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…At least some discrepancies about the speed of allometric evolution can be ascribed to methodological and conceptual differences in how scaling relationships are studied. Traditionally, allometry‐related concepts were based on the (allometric) coefficient in an exponential equation (e.g., Gould, 1966; Huxley, 1932; here referred to as ‘narrow‐sense’ allometry); however, many contemporary researchers use the term allometry to describe various forms of covariation between size and organismal shape (Crabtree, Macagno, Moczek, Rohner, & Hu, 2020; Larson et al, 2018), or, in fact, virtually any phenotype of interest (sexual dimorphism: Fairbairn, 1997; life history: Marbà, Duarte, & Agustí, 2007; behaviour: Dial, Greene, & Irschick, 2008). As some researchers apply a more inclusive concept of allometry than others, this necessarily causes disagreement over what extent allometries differ and hence on how fast they evolve.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of multivariate wing allometry in schizophoran flies (Diptera: Schizophora)

Rohner

2020

J of Evolutionary Biology

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The proximate and ultimate mechanisms underlying scaling relationships as well as their evolutionary consequences remain an enigmatic issue in evolutionary biology. Here, I investigate the evolution of wing allometries in the Schizophora, a group of higher Diptera that radiated about 65 million years ago, by studying static allometries in five species using multivariate approaches. Despite the vast ecological diversity observed in contemporary members of the Schizophora and independent evolutionary histories throughout most of the Cenozoic, size‐related changes represent a major contributor to overall variation in wing shape, both within and among species. Static allometries differ between species and sexes, yet multivariate allometries are correlated across species, suggesting a shared developmental programme underlying size‐dependent phenotypic plasticity. Static allometries within species also correlate with evolutionary divergence across 33 different families (belonging to 11 of 13 superfamilies) of the Schizophora. This again points towards a general developmental, genetic or evolutionary mechanism that canalizes or maintains the covariation between shape and size in spite of rapid ecological and morphological diversification during the Cenozoic. I discuss the putative roles of developmental constraints and natural selection in the evolution of wing allometry in the Schizophora.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of multivariate wing allometry in schizophoran flies (Diptera: Schizophora)

Rohner

2020

J of Evolutionary Biology

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“…Recently, the contribution of Notch signaling to horn formation was also demonstrated in a dung beetle, Onthophagus taurus 19 . Our result is consistent with this, and we have found that Notch plays an important role in determining the final horn shape via regulating primordial furrow depth.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetical control of 2D pattern and depth of the primordial furrow that prefigures 3D shape of the rhinoceros beetle horn

Adachi

Matsuda

Niimi

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The head horn of the Asian rhinoceros beetle develops as an extensively folded primordium before unfurling into its final 3D shape at the pupal molt. The information of the final 3D structure of the beetle horn is prefigured in the folding pattern of the developing primordium. However, the developmental mechanism underlying epithelial folding of the primordium is unknown. In this study, we addressed this gap in our understanding of the developmental patterning of the 3D horn shape of beetles by focusing on the formation of furrows at the surface of the primordium that become the bifurcated 3D shape of the horn. By gene knockdown analysis via RNAi, we found that knockdown of the gene Notch disturbed overall horn primordial furrow depth without affecting the 2D furrow pattern. In contrast, knockdown of CyclinE altered 2D horn primordial furrow pattern without affecting furrow depth. Our results show how the depth and 2D pattern of primordial surface furrows are regulated at least partially independently during beetle horn development, and how both can alter the final 3D shape of the horn.

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“…Methodology for use of RNAi is well established for beetles, and the horn shape can be changed by specific gene knockdown [9][10][11][12]. We screened six candidate genes (Notch <N>, CyclinE <CycE>, dachsous <ds>, mushroom body defect<mud>, Optix <Optix>, Retinal Homeobox <rx>), those genes are already known to play important role in insect organogenesis including beetle horn [4,11,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19], using RNAi to see how they affected the furrows on the horn primordia.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetical control of 2D pattern and depth of the primordial furrow that codes 3D shape of the rhinoceros beetle horn

Adachi

Matsuda

Niimi

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The head horn of the Asian rhinoceros beetle develops as extensively folded primordia before unfurling into its final 3D shape at the pupal molt. The information of the final 3D structure of the beetle horn is encoded in the folding pattern of the developing primordia. However, the developmental mechanism underlying epithelial folding of the primordia is unknown. In this study, we addressed this gap in our understanding of the developmental patterning of the 3D horn shape of beetles by focusing on the formation of surficial furrows that become the bifurcated 3D shape of the horn. By gene knockdown screening via RNAi, we found that knockdown of the gene Notch disturbed overall horn primordia furrow depth without affecting 2D furrow pattern. In contrast, knockdown of CyclinE altered 2D horn primordia furrow pattern without affecting furrow depth. From these results, depth and 2D pattern of primordial surficial furrow are likely to be regulated independently during the development and both of change can alter the final 3D shape.Author SummaryIn insects, some large structure is made under the old exoskeleton before the molting. Long horn of rhino-beetle is one of extreme cases. The beetle horn is compactly packed as furrowed primordia under the larval exoskeleton. At molting, the primordia is extended to form its final 3D horn shape as blowing up furrows like a balloon. This transformation from primordia to final horn does not required any living cell activities. Thus, characteristics of furrows of primordia actually determine the final 3D shape. However, molecular mechanisms and genetic basis of furrow formation is not well understood not only in beetle horn but also in any other insects. In this study, by using beetle horn as a model, we addressed what kind of genetic factors are contributed to primordial furrow formation. By gene knockdown screening, we found that knockdown of the gene Notch disturbed primordial furrow depth without affecting 2D furrow pattern. In contrast, knockdown of CyclinE altered 2D furrow pattern without affecting furrow depth. In both case, final horn shapes were disturbed. From these results, we concluded that both of the depth and 2D pattern of primordial furrow can contribute final shape, but their development is controlled independently.

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Notch signaling patterns head horn shape in the bull-headed dung beetle Onthophagus taurus

Cited by 11 publications

References 66 publications

Evolution of multivariate wing allometry in schizophoran flies (Diptera: Schizophora)

Evolution of multivariate wing allometry in schizophoran flies (Diptera: Schizophora)

Genetical control of 2D pattern and depth of the primordial furrow that prefigures 3D shape of the rhinoceros beetle horn

Genetical control of 2D pattern and depth of the primordial furrow that codes 3D shape of the rhinoceros beetle horn

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