Note: Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal isolated from water in Malaysia

Radu, Son; Rusul, Gulam; Lihan, Samuel; Yuherman,; Selvaraj, Senthil; Rasip, A.; Nasreldin, E.; Nishibuchi, Mitsuaki

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1998.tb05273.x

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The results of the ERIC-PCR fingerprint profiles supported the results obtained by ribotyping that multiple clones of V. cholerae O139 were present in the aquatic environment. These observations are in agreement with those of others who demonstrated heterogeneity in O139 V. cholerae strains (10,17,20,29).…”

Section: Eric-pcrsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…It was found recently that a highly epidemic form of cholera-like disease on the Indian subcontinent was strongly associated with non-O1 strains of V. cholerae designated V. cholerae O139 Bengal (1,21,25), which subsequently spread to the different parts of the world (1,6,11). Studies of V. cholerae from environmental surface water indicated that O139 Bengal, like O1 vibrios and non-O1, non-O139 vibrios, may survive better in the aquatic environment in association with aquatic plants (13,14,26) and that environmental water may be a reservoir for infectious V. cholerae O139 (14,29).…”

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Molecular Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal Isolated from Water and the Aquatic Plant Eichhornia crassipes in the River Ganga, Varanasi, India

Bhanumathi

Sabeena

Isac

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

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A collection of ten strains of Vibrio cholerae O139, comprising six isolates from Eichhornia crassipes, two from water of the River Ganga, and one each from a well and a hand pump, were characterized. All the strains carried the CTX genetic element (ctxA, zot, and ace) except for the st gene and carried structural and regulatory genes for toxin-coregulated pilus (tcpA, tcpI, and toxR), adherence factor (ompU), and accessory colonization factor (acfB); all produced cholera toxin (CT). These strains were resistant to trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, and to the vibriostatic agent pteridine. Results obtained by ribotyping and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-PCR fingerprint analysis indicate that multiple clones of toxigenicpathogenic V. cholerae O139 were present in the aquatic environment.Until 1992, Vibrio cholerae belonging to serogroup O1 was considered to be the only causative agent of epidemic cholera (2). However, V. cholerae non-O1 serogroups were associated mostly with sporadic cases of diarrhea and extraintestinal infections (4, 24). It was found recently that a highly epidemic form of cholera-like disease on the Indian subcontinent was strongly associated with non-O1 strains of V. cholerae designated V. cholerae O139 Bengal (1, 21, 25), which subsequently spread to the different parts of the world (1, 6, 11). Studies of V. cholerae from environmental surface water indicated that O139 Bengal, like O1 vibrios and non-O1, non-O139 vibrios, may survive better in the aquatic environment in association with aquatic plants (13,14,26) and that environmental water may be a reservoir for infectious V. cholerae O139 (14, 29).In the present study, we used molecular techniques to analyze V. cholerae O139 Bengal isolated between January 1992 and September 1994 from water and the aquatic plant Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) from the river Ganga, Varanasi, India, to study genomic diversity and to examine the presence of virulence and regulatory genes, pathogenicity islands, and antibiotic resistance. Results obtained by ribotyping, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (ERIC)-PCR, PCR analysis, and antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated that the cholera outbreaks caused by O139 vibrios between 1992 and 1994 were caused by toxigenic-pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant V. cholerae O139 strains identical to that found in the aquatic environment.Bacterial strains. A total of 10 strains of V. cholerae O139 were included in this study. Six isolates (EC1, EC2, EC3, EC6, EC7, and EC8) were from the aquatic plant Eichhornia crassipes and were collected between 28 January and 6 April 1992; two (GW3 and GW4) were from surface water of the River Ganga and were collected between 3 August and 29 August 1993 from different ghats on the bank of the River Ganga in Varanasi; and one each was from a well (WO4, collected on 10 September 1994 from Bhadaini, Varanasi) and a hand pump (HP11, collected on 5 August 1992 from Assi, Varanasi). The samples from the aquatic plants ...

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Section: Eric-pcrsupporting

confidence: 83%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal Isolated from Water and the Aquatic Plant Eichhornia crassipes in the River Ganga, Varanasi, India

Bhanumathi

Sabeena

Isac

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…The 20 toxigenic strains were isolated from various kinds of seafoods collected at various locations in Malaysia (Table 1). This result and the isolation of toxigenic O139 strains from seawater in Malaysia in 1996 (38) suggest that the aquatic environment may serve as the reservoir for toxigenic V. cholerae in Malaysia.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…An El Tor O1 Inaba strain isolated from a patient during an outbreak in Sarawak, Malaysia, in 1998 was provided by Patrick Benjamin Guda Miri of the General Hospital, Miri, Sarawak. Toxigenic O139 strains isolated from seawater in Malaysia in 1996 were described previously (38). Other V. cholerae O1 Ogawa strains isolated from international travelers arriving in Japan from various Asian countries between 1982 and 1998 were supplied by Osaka Airport Quarantine Station, Kansai Airport Quarantine Station, and Nagoya Airport Quarantine Station, Japan.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics and Epidemiological Significance ofctx⁺Strains ofVibrio choleraeIsolated from Seafood in Malaysia

Chen

Shimada

Elhadi

et al. 2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Of 97 strains of Vibrio cholerae isolated from various seafoods in Malaysia in 1998 and 1999, 20 strains carried the ctx gene and produced cholera toxin. Fourteen, one, and five of these toxigenic strains belonged to the O139, O1 Ogawa, and rough serotypes, respectively. The rough strains had the rfb gene of the O1 serotype. The toxigenic strains varied in their biochemical characteristics, the amount of cholera toxin produced, their antibiograms, and the presence or absence of the pTLC plasmid sequence. DNA fingerprinting analysis by arbitrarily primed PCR, ribotyping, and a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis method classified the toxigenic strains into 3, 7, and 10 types, respectively. The relatedness of these toxigenic strains to clinical strains isolated in other countries and from international travelers was examined by using a dendrogram constructed from the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles. The results of the examination of the antibiogram and the possession of the toxin-linked cryptic plasmid were consistent with the dendrogram-based relatedness: the O139 strains isolated from Malaysian seafoods could be separated into two groups that appear to have been introduced from the Bengal area independently. The rough strains of Malaysian seafood origin formed one group and belonged to a cluster unique to the Thailand-Malaysia-Laos region, and this group may have persisted in this area for a long period. The single O1 Ogawa strain detected in Malaysian seafood appears to have an origin and route of introduction different from those of the O139 and the rough strains.Vibrio cholerae strains that carry the ctx genes in the CTX genetic element can produce cholera toxin (CT), and these strains are termed toxigenic strains. Toxigenic strains are responsible for cholera epidemics. Water is recognized as the most important vehicle for cholera transmission. In addition, outbreaks of food-borne cholera have been noted quite often in the past 30 years; seafood, including molluscan shellfish, crustaceans, and finfish, are most often incriminated in foodborne cholera cases in many countries (1, 35). However, the ctx genes are rarely detected in V. cholerae strains isolated from environmental samples, including seafood, that are not implicated in outbreaks. V. cholerae strains belonging to the O1 and O139 serotypes almost exclusively carry the ctx genes, and the O serotype is often used as a marker for the toxigenic strains. However, there are atypical environmental strains that possess the ctx genes. For example, a DNA probe study carried out in Japan revealed that 26.6% of the V. cholerae O1 strains isolated from imported seafood and none of the V. cholerae O1 strains isolated from the natural water carried the ctxA gene (28). On the other hand, a DNA probe study showed that a small percentage of environmental strains of V. cholerae non-O1 had the ctx gene (31).Outbreaks of cholera due to the El Tor biotype of the O1 serotype occur periodically in Malaysia (26,40), and this poses a public health problem if the seafoo...

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Asiatic Cholera: Mole Hills and Mountains

Mukhopadhyay

Ramamurthy

2010

Epidemiological and Molecular Aspects on Cholera

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Note: Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal isolated from water in Malaysia

Cited by 6 publications

References 9 publications

Molecular Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal Isolated from Water and the Aquatic Plant Eichhornia crassipes in the River Ganga, Varanasi, India

Molecular Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal Isolated from Water and the Aquatic Plant Eichhornia crassipes in the River Ganga, Varanasi, India

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics and Epidemiological Significance ofctx⁺Strains ofVibrio choleraeIsolated from Seafood in Malaysia

Asiatic Cholera: Mole Hills and Mountains

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Note: Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal isolated from water in Malaysia

Cited by 6 publications

References 9 publications

Molecular Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal Isolated from Water and the Aquatic Plant Eichhornia crassipes in the River Ganga, Varanasi, India

Molecular Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal Isolated from Water and the Aquatic Plant Eichhornia crassipes in the River Ganga, Varanasi, India

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics and Epidemiological Significance ofctx+Strains ofVibrio choleraeIsolated from Seafood in Malaysia

Asiatic Cholera: Mole Hills and Mountains

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Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics and Epidemiological Significance ofctx⁺Strains ofVibrio choleraeIsolated from Seafood in Malaysia