Note on the Measurement of Spatial Imbalance

Zhao, Zuoquan; Stough, Roger R.; Li, Ning

doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.2003.tb01107.x

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…More specifically, following Zhao et al (), we define the index of spatial imbalances as the ratio between the actual distance between the demographic centre of gravity and the one it is compared to, and the potential maximum for that distance, that is the length of the demographic centre of gravity vector plus the earth's radius. Applied to GDP and emissions, this leads to the values reported in Figure .…”

Section: Spatial Imbalances: Measurement and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The inclusion of CO 2 emissions, along with GDP and population, allows for deeper insights into the period of the so‐called ‘Great Divergence’. Following Zhao, Stough, and Li (), we use the demographic centre of gravity as a benchmark and construct simple measures of spatial imbalances to characterise the divergence between world GDP (or emissions) and world population. As could be expected, the two indices follow a similar inverted‐u pattern over the centuries of the Great Divergence, but with two important differences: (a) the starting level of spatial imbalances for emissions is considerably larger than for production and (b) the trend reversal occurs 30 years earlier for emissions (1920) than for GDP (1950).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A global compass for the great divergence: Emissions versus production centres of gravity 1820–2008

2019

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We construct the world's centres of gravity for human population, GDP and CO2 emissions by taking the best out of five recognised data sources covering the last two centuries. On the basis of a novel distortion‐free representation of these centres of gravity, we find a radical Western shift of GDP and CO2 emission centres in the nineteenth century, in sharp contrast with the stability of the demographic centre of gravity. Both GDP and emissions trends are reversed in the first half of the twentieth century, after World War I for CO2 emissions, after World War II for GDP. Since then, both centres are moving eastward at an accelerating speed. These patterns are perfectly consistent with the lead of Western countries starting the industrial revolution, the gradual replacement of coal by oil and gas as alternative sources of energy and the progressive catch‐up of Asian countries in the recent past.

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Section: Spatial Imbalances: Measurement and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A global compass for the great divergence: Emissions versus production centres of gravity 1820–2008

2019

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“…This indicator is combined with a measure of aggregate efficiency to include both dimensions in a single coefficient. Measures of “pure” geographical distribution, such as the one proposed in Zhao, Stough, and Li (), are not useful in the context at hand because, in the case of health workforce distributions, the measures must be useful in a policy context.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inequality in Human Resources for Health: Measurement Issues

Speybroeck

Paraje

Prasad³

et al. 2012

Geographical Analysis

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This article discusses options to allow comparative analysis of inequalities in the distribution of health workers (HWs) across and within countries using a single summary measure of the distribution. Income inequality generally is measured across individuals, but inequalities in the dispersion of HWs must use geographical areas or population groupings as units of analysis. The article first shows how this change of observational unit creates a resolution problem for various inequality indices and then tests how sensitive a simple ratio measure of the distribution of HWs is to changes in resolution. This ratio of inequality is illustrated first with the global distribution of HWs and then with its distributions within Indonesia. The resolution problem is not solved through this new approach, and indicators of inequalities of access to HWs or health services more generally appear not to be comparable across countries. Investigating geographical inequalities over time in one setting is possible but only if the units of analysis remain the same over time.

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“…Each party to the surrogacy contract has its reason for choosing the jurisdiction, such as preferential judgment, or convenience to start a lawsuit. 16 Forum shopping and jurisdiction objection cannot be eliminated because this is a contest between the best interests of the parties involved. The conclusion can be drawn that jurisdiction conflicts during civil procedures concerning foreign affairs are, in essence, conflicts of interest between the parties concerned.…”

Section: A Meizhong Vs LImentioning

confidence: 99%

Transnational Surrogacy in China: From the Perspective of Private International Law

Xiao¹,

Li²

2020

China & WTO Rev.

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Chinese courts' attitudes toward domestic surrogacy have appeared to soften and are inclined to protect the best interests of children and the legal rights of intended parents. However, many problems remain unsolved in transnational surrogacy cases, including the validity of a contract, parentage or guardianship determination, citizen conferral, and household registration. In this article, transnational surrogacy is analyzed from the perspective of private international law, particularly jurisdiction, choice of law, and recognition of foreign judgment on parental relationships and foreign public documents. In addition, some specific cases, such as transnational surrogacy for same-sex partners and transnational surrogacy without the consent of intended parents, are discussed and analyzed in detail.

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Note on the Measurement of Spatial Imbalance

Abstract: This note presents a new measure of spatial imbalance that uses the center of gravity

Cited by 7 publications

References 6 publications

A global compass for the great divergence: Emissions versus production centres of gravity 1820–2008

A global compass for the great divergence: Emissions versus production centres of gravity 1820–2008

Inequality in Human Resources for Health: Measurement Issues

Transnational Surrogacy in China: From the Perspective of Private International Law

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