Notes. Availability of elements of environmental importance in incinerated sludge ash

Fraser, James L.; Lum, Kristian

doi:10.1021/es00107a013

Cited by 51 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Other Pb phases found in soils exposed to Pb emissions included Pb sorbed to humic acids and to manganese and iron (oxyhydr)oxide [24,38]. Concerning metals exchangeability, another study on incinerated sludge ashes [39] showed that despite their high Pb and Cu contents (2270 mg kg −1 and 2870 mg kg −1 respectively), none of these metals were detected in the MgCl 2 (1 M)-extractant. Conversely, Fernandez et al [40] have shown that 25% and 9% of lead present in urban aerosols collected respectively in Seville and Barcelona were exchanged by MgCl 2 (1 M).…”

Section: Lead Exchangeability In Function Of Speciationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of lead-recycling facility emissions at various workplaces: Major insights for sanitary risks assessment

Uzu

Sobanska

Sarret

et al. 2011

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Most available studies on lead smelter emissions deal with the environmental impact of outdoor particles, but only a few focus on air quality at workplaces. The objective of this study is to physically and chemically characterize the Pb-rich particles emitted at different workplaces in a lead recycling plant. A multi-scale characterization was conducted from bulk analysis to the level of individual particles, to assess the particles properties in relation with Pb speciation and availability. Process PM from various origins were sampled and then compared; namely Furnace and Refining PM respectively present in the smelter and at refinery workplaces, Emissions PM present in channeled emissions. These particles first differed by their morphology and size distribution, with finer particles found in emissions. Differences observed in chemical composition could be explained by the industrial processes. All PM contained the same major phases (Pb, PbS, PbO, PbSO(4) and PbO·PbSO(4)) but differed on the nature and amount of minor phases. Due to high content in PM, Pb concentrations in the CaCl(2) extractant reached relatively high values (40 mg L(-1)). However, the ratios (soluble/total) of CaCl(2) exchangeable Pb were relatively low (<0.02%) in comparison with Cd (up to 18%). These results highlight the interest to assess the soluble fractions of all metals (minor and major) and discuss both total metal concentrations and ratios for risk evaluations. In most cases metal extractability increased with decreasing size of particles, in particular, lead exchangeability was highest for channeled emissions. Such type of study could help in the choice of targeted sanitary protection procedures and for further toxicological investigations. In the present context, particular attention is given to Emissions and Furnace PM. Moreover, exposure to other metals than Pb should be considered.

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Section: Lead Exchangeability In Function Of Speciationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of lead-recycling facility emissions at various workplaces: Major insights for sanitary risks assessment

Uzu

Sobanska

Sarret

et al. 2011

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…At low levels of dietary intake (e.g., 10 /¿g/d), approximately 2% of ingested chromium is absorbed, while at higher levels (e.g., more than 40 /ug/d) absorption decreases to approximately 0.5% (Schroeder, 1968;Anderson and Kozlovsky, 1985). Based on a number of studies, absorption efficiencies measured for both chromium valences in the diet of animals and humans range from 0.4 to 3% (Donaldson and Barreras, 1966;Doisy et al, 1968;Mertz, 1969;Kumpulainen et al, 1979;Sayato et al, 1980;Fraser and Lum, 1983;Offenbacher et al, 1986). Based on the available data, less than 1-3% of typical concentrations of ingested soil-bound Cr(VI) is expected to be systemically absorbed (Paustenbach et al, 1991a).…”

Section: Oral Bioavailability Of Cr(lll) and Cr(vi)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing a biological monitoring program to assess community exposure to chromium: Conclusions of an expert panel

Anderson¹,

Colton²,

Doull³

et al. 1993

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health

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The possible benefits of biological monitoring of large groups of people potentially exposed to environmental contaminants has become an area of much interest in recent years. Because chromite-ore processing residue has been found in some soils in northern New Jersey, urinary chromium monitoring of people in the community was evaluated as a potentially useful tool. In an attempt to identify those who could be exposed and to quantify the magnitude of exposure to the chromium in these soils, the New Jersey Department of Health (NJDOH) initiated a public health screening project. In 1992, the NJDOH proposed to evaluate over 4000 people who lived or worked near these sites. Volunteers were administered a questionnaire and were given a limited physical examination, and a single spot urine sample was collected. Because of the difficulties in using urinary chromium to assess low-level exposure and the potential implications of any regulatory decisions that could be based on the results of this project, a panel of experts was convened to evaluate the protocol. The panel consisted of five scientists and physicians with expertise in toxicology, dermatology, epidemiology, biological monitoring, and analytical chemistry. Like a World Health Organization group, the panel concluded that although urine biomonitoring can be useful in evaluating high levels of exposure to chromium, it is not reliable for assessing low-level exposure similar to that which may have occurred in northern New Jersey. The panel also noted that when urinary biomonitoring is to be used to assess the public's possible exposure, a large number of precautions must be taken to ensure the accuracy and usefulness of the results. The single most important recommendation was to collect a second, and perhaps a third, spot urine (or 24-h urine) sample before concluding that a person may be routinely overexposed. These suggestions are applicable to designing a biomonitoring program for nearly any environmental contaminant to which a community may be exposed. A review of scientific literature associated with biological monitoring of chromium is provided.

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“…The HMs can be stabilized in the incinerator residues (or slag) (Arickx et al, 2006;Xu et al, 2008), and trapping of the HMs into the slag could reduce emission of the metals and make the incineration process environmentally friendly. The bioavailability of the HMs, which will affect the ability to dispose of the incinerator slag, can be determined from the partitioning of the HMs in the slag (Chou et al, 2009;Fraser and Lum, 1983). In this work, the effects of the incineration temperature, residence time of dried sludge in the furnace, and the mass fraction of water in the sludge on the fixation rate and the partitioning of seven metals (Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cu and Zn) in the slag were investigated using an electrically heated tube furnace.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fixation and partitioning of heavy metals in slag after incineration of sewage sludge

Chen

Yan

2012

Waste Management

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Notes. Availability of elements of environmental importance in incinerated sludge ash

Cited by 51 publications

References 6 publications

Characterization of lead-recycling facility emissions at various workplaces: Major insights for sanitary risks assessment

Characterization of lead-recycling facility emissions at various workplaces: Major insights for sanitary risks assessment

Designing a biological monitoring program to assess community exposure to chromium: Conclusions of an expert panel

Fixation and partitioning of heavy metals in slag after incineration of sewage sludge

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