Notes on Ethiopian Anophelini

Meillon, B. De; Leeson, H. S.

doi:10.1017/s0007485300004818

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Classically An. funestus is an almost strictly anthropophilic vector with HBI around 0.95 [ 37 , 38 ]. Between 1990 and 1992 resting catches were performed just a few kilometres north of Mbingu, hundreds of blood engorged An.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A crossover study to evaluate the diversion of malaria vectors in a community with incomplete coverage of spatial repellents in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania

et al. 2016

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BackgroundMalaria elimination is unlikely to occur if vector control efforts focus entirely on transmission occurring indoors without addressing vectors that bite outdoors and outside sleeping hours. Additional control tools such as spatial repellents may provide the personal protection required to fill this gap. However, since repellents do not kill mosquitoes it is unclear if vectors will be diverted from households that use spatial repellents to those that do not.MethodsA crossover study was performed over 24 weeks in Kilombero, Tanzania. The density of resting and blood-engorged mosquitoes and human blood index (HBI) of malaria vector species per household was measured among 90 households using or not using 0.03 % transfluthrin coils burned outdoors under three coverage scenarios: (i) no coverage (blank coils); (ii) complete coverage of repellent coils; and (iii) incomplete coverage of repellent and blank coils. Mosquitoes were collected three days a week for 24 weeks from the inside and outside of all participating households using mosquito aspirators. Paired indoor and outdoor human landing collections were performed in three random households for six consecutive nights to confirm repellent efficacy of the coils and local vector biting times.ResultsThe main vectors were Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus (sensu stricto), which fed outdoors, outside sleeping hours, on humans as well as animals. Anopheles arabiensis landings were reduced by 80 % by the spatial repellent although household densities were not reduced. The HBI for An. arabiensis was significantly higher among households without repellents in the incomplete coverage scenario compared to houses in the no coverage scenario (Odds ratio 1.71; 95 % CI: 1.04–2.83; P = 0.03). This indicated that An. arabiensis mosquitoes seeking a human blood meal were diverted from repellent users to non-users. The repellent coils did not affect An. funestus densities or HBI.ConclusionsSubstantial malaria vector activity is occurring outside sleeping hours in the Kilombero valley. Repellent coils provided some protection against local An. arabiensis but did not protect against local (and potentially pyrethroid-resistant) An. funestus. Pyrethroid-based spatial repellents may offer a degree of personal protection, however the overall public health benefit is doubtful and potentially iniquitous as their use may divert malaria vectors to those who do not use them.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A crossover study to evaluate the diversion of malaria vectors in a community with incomplete coverage of spatial repellents in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania

et al. 2016

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“…All mosquitoes were identified morphologically using the determination keys of Grjebine [ 17 ] and De Meillon [ 18 ]. To discriminate An.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential contribution of Anopheles coustani and Anopheles arabiensis to the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in two neighbouring villages of Madagascar

et al. 2020

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Background: Malaria is still a heavy public health concern in Madagascar. Few studies combining parasitology and entomology have been conducted despite the need for accurate information to design effective vector control measures. In a Malagasy region of moderate to intense transmission of both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, parasitology and entomology have been combined to survey malaria transmission in two nearby villages. Methods: Community-based surveys were conducted in the villages of Ambohitromby and Miarinarivo at three time points (T1, T2 and T3) during a single malaria transmission season. Human malaria prevalence was determined by rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), microscopy and real-time PCR. Mosquitoes were collected by human landing catches and pyrethrum spray catches and the presence of Plasmodium sporozoites was assessed by TaqMan assay. Results: Malaria prevalence was not significantly different between villages, with an average of 8.0% by RDT, 4.8% by microscopy and 11.9% by PCR. This was mainly due to P. falciparum and to a lesser extent to P. vivax. However, there was a significantly higher prevalence rate as determined by PCR at T2 (χ 2 2 = 7.46, P = 0.025). Likewise, mosquitoes were significantly more abundant at T2 (χ 2 2 = 64.8, P < 0.001), especially in Ambohitromby. At T1 and T3 mosquito abundance was higher in Miarinarivo than in Ambohitromby (χ 2 2 = 14.92, P < 0.001). Of 1550 Anopheles mosquitoes tested, 28 (1.8%) were found carrying Plasmodium sporozoites. The entomological inoculation rate revealed that Anopheles coustani played a major contribution in malaria transmission in Miarinarivo, being responsible of 61.2

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“…Mosquito species were identified under a stereo‐microscope by reference to keys for Afrotropical and Malagasy anophelines (De Meillon, 1947; Grjebine, 1966). Specimens of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.)…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoophily of Anopheles arabiensis and An. gambiae in Madagascar demonstrated by odour‐baited entry traps

Duchemin

Tsy

Rabarison

et al. 2001

Medical Vet Entomology

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In Madagascar we used odour-baited entry traps (OBETs) for host choice tests of wild female anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) at representative localities on the East and West sides of the island (villages Fenoarivo and Tsararano, respectively) and at the southern margin of the central plateau (Zazafotsy village, 800 m altitude). No insecticide house-spraying operations have been undertaken at these villages. Odours from a man and a calf of similar mass, concealed in different tents, were drawn by fans into separate OBETs set side by side. Traps were alternated to compensate for position effects, and different pairs of individual baits were employed for successive replicates. Totals of 266 An. funestus Giles sensu stricto and 362 An. gambiae Giles sensu lato were collected in 48 trap nights during March-June 1999. For each mosquito species the 'index of anthropophily' was defined as the proportion of females caught in the human-baited trap. For An. funestus this index was found to be consistently greater than 0.5 (value for random choice between traps/hosts), indicating that this species 'preferred' human to calf odour (index=0.83). Conversely, the index of anthropophily for An. gambiae s.l. indicated they 'chose' calf in preference to human odour (index=0.26). No significant differences of relative preference for calf or man were detected between villages; geographical variance accounted for <8% of the total experimental variance. Molecular identifications of 181 specimens of the An. gambiae complex (approximately 50% of the samples) revealed only An. arabiensis Patton at Tsararano and Zazafotsy, but >97% An. gambiae Giles sensu stricto at Fenoarivo, in accordance with prior knowledge of the differential distributions of these sibling species on the island. Predominant zoophily (i.e. intrinsic 'preference' for cattle odours) by both An. arabiensis and An. gambiae s.s. in Madagascar contrasts with their greater anthropophily in continental Africa.

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Notes on Ethiopian Anophelini

Cited by 6 publications

References 1 publication

A crossover study to evaluate the diversion of malaria vectors in a community with incomplete coverage of spatial repellents in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania

A crossover study to evaluate the diversion of malaria vectors in a community with incomplete coverage of spatial repellents in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania

Differential contribution of Anopheles coustani and Anopheles arabiensis to the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in two neighbouring villages of Madagascar

Zoophily of Anopheles arabiensis and An. gambiae in Madagascar demonstrated by odour‐baited entry traps

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