Notes on Measuring Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Bisexuals Using the PTSD Checklist–Civilian Version (PCL-C)

MacLeod, Melissa A.; Bauer, Greta R.; MacKay, Jenna; Robinson, Margaret; Ross, Lori E.

doi:10.1080/15299716.2014.994159

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The PCL-C has been used with sexual minority women with potentially traumatic events exposure (Dworkin et al, 2018). Given that Macleod, Bauer, MacKay, Robinson, and Ross (2015) found issues with the PCL-C among bisexual respondents, we assessed whether this measure was reliable among this subgroup, as this was our biggest identity group in the sample, and found adequate reliability (␣ ϭ .73). A total score was computed by summing the items, and higher total scale scores represented greater self-reported PTSD symptoms.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-reported mental and physical health symptoms and potentially traumatic events among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer individuals: The role of shame.

Scheer

Harney

Esposito

et al. 2020

Psychology of Violence

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Objective: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals disproportionately face exposure to potentially traumatic events—adverse experiences that may have a traumatizing effect—and experience shame as a common consequence. Previous research demonstrates associations between shame and psychological and physical health issues among those with exposure to potentially traumatic events in general, with limited attention among LGBTQ individuals specifically. This study determined whether shame partially mediated the relationship between potentially traumatic events exposure and self-reported mental and physical health symptoms among LGBTQ individuals. Method: Participants were 218 self-identified LGBTQ individuals who reported experiencing at least one potentially traumatic event (e.g., childhood sexual abuse). Online surveys assessed the type and frequency of potentially traumatic events exposure, shame, self-reported mental health (depression symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and substance use), and physical health symptoms (sexual risk behavior, somatic symptoms, and chronic health conditions). Results: Greater potentially traumatic events exposure was associated with greater shame, and greater shame was associated with worse self-reported mental and physical health. Potentially traumatic events exposure had a direct effect on self-reported mental and physical health, and shame partially mediated this relationship. Conclusion: Shame represents an important and modifiable factor that relates to poor health and may be amenable to change through psychosocial interventions. Given the prevalence of negative self-attribution stemming from potentially traumatic events exposure, in addition to the internalization of stigma among this population, practitioners need to uncover interventions specifically targeting shame when working with LGBTQ individuals.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-reported mental and physical health symptoms and potentially traumatic events among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer individuals: The role of shame.

Scheer

Harney

Esposito

et al. 2020

Psychology of Violence

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although an earlier study raised some concern about the use of the previous version of the PCL (i.e., the PCL-Civilian Version for DSM–IV ) with bisexual participants (MacLeod, Bauer, Mackay, Robinson, & Ross, 2015), the PCL-5 (for DSM–5 ) is likely a more valid measure of PTSD symptoms. MacLeod and colleagues (2015) noted that, in their factor analysis with bisexual participants, the avoidance/numbing cluster performed poorly. However, in the PCL-5 , avoidance and numbing symptoms are separated and load onto different factors to reflect the change from a three to four-factor conceptualization of PTSD symptoms in DSM–5 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internalized heterosexism and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: The mediating role of shame proneness among trauma-exposed sexual minority women.

Straub¹,

McConnell²,

Messman-Moore³

2018

Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity

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Sexual minority women are more likely to experience negative mental health outcomes, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), than heterosexual women. Meyer’s (2003) minority-stress theory posits that this elevated risk of psychopathology results from stressors specific to the experience of holding a minority identity, and Hatzenbuehler (2009) suggested that these effects may be mediated by general psychological risk factors. Internalized heterosexism is conceptually and empirically linked to shame proneness, and both are associated with PTSD symptoms. Applying Meyer’s and Hatzenbuehler’s theories, in this study, we investigated the indirect effect of internalized heterosexism on PTSD symptomatology through shame proneness among 326 trauma-exposed sexual minority women recruited online. Analyses indicated that internalized heterosexism significantly and positively predicted PTSD symptomatology. In addition, internalized heterosexism had an indirect effect on PTSD symptoms through increased shame-related withdrawal tendencies, but not through shame-related negative self-evaluations. Clinical and policy considerations, including the need for systemic interventions focused on decreasing negative messages about sexual minority identities, as well as individual interventions targeting withdrawal behaviors in the treatment of PTSD among sexual minority women, are discussed.

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“…Boal and colleagues (2017) found that this scale is valid in an online, self-administered format. Although no validation study focused on sexual minorities was found, ample studies have studied sexual minorities using the PTSD Checklist (e.g., Dworkin et al, 2018; MacLeod et al, 2015; Pinciotti & Orcutt, 2021; Smith et al, 2016).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing the relationship of workplace bullying and PTSD in bisexual versus monosexual workers.

Day¹,

Meglich²

2024

Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity

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The workplace experiences of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) workers are underresearched, and this is especially true for bisexuals, who constitute the largest proportion of the sexual minority community. Using stigmatization theory and the minority stress model, we investigated the experience of workplace bullying and associated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for bisexual workers compared with monosexual workers (gay men and lesbians and heterosexuals) workers. We collected online data of two samples of adult U.S. workers, one LGB (N = 422) and one heterosexual (N = 418). Our measure of workplace bullying included two subscales: person-related (bullying directed at the individual person) and work-related (bullying related to accomplishment of work goals). First, we found bisexual workers reported higher person-related bullying than gay men and lesbians, but not heterosexuals; they did not differ from monosexuals (gay men and lesbians and heterosexuals) in work-related bullying. Second, bisexuals were significantly higher than both groups of monosexuals in PTSD. Third, workplace bullying moderated the relationship of sexual orientation and PTSD, showing that bisexual workers who reported frequent bullying were disproportionately higher in PTSD than monosexual workers. Our findings show that bisexuals experience work-related events differently than do other groups and additional research should continue to explore this LGB subgroup. Further, this study confirms that work-related PTSD is worthy of further investigation among sexual minority workers and specifically bisexuals. Public Significance StatementOur findings suggest that more needs to be done to discover nuances that affect relationships among workplace bullying and PTSD, particularly for potentially disadvantaged groups in the workplace. Of note is the importance of disaggregating the work experiences for different subgroups within the sexual minority community. Our study demonstrates not only the prevalence of workplace bullying against bisexuals but the costs to individuals and organizations for ignoring their experiences. Since ample research reveals that organizational policies and leadership support can minimize workplace bullying and maximize workplace civility, management attitudes and practice do matter in establishing and maintaining a working environment that is welcoming to all.

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Notes on Measuring Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Bisexuals Using the PTSD Checklist–Civilian Version (PCL-C)

Cited by 8 publications

References 26 publications

Self-reported mental and physical health symptoms and potentially traumatic events among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer individuals: The role of shame.

Self-reported mental and physical health symptoms and potentially traumatic events among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer individuals: The role of shame.

Internalized heterosexism and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: The mediating role of shame proneness among trauma-exposed sexual minority women.

Comparing the relationship of workplace bullying and PTSD in bisexual versus monosexual workers.

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