Notes. The Reaction of Triohenylsilyllithium with Triaryl Phosphates.
Search citation statements
Paper Sections
Citation Types
Year Published
Publication Types
Relationship
Authors
Journals
Cited by 1 publication
References 0 publications
Since the discovery of the reducing properties of diborane (1939), alkali metal borohydrides (1943), and alkali metal aluminohydrides (1946) by H. I. Schlesinger, H. C. Brown, W. G. Brown, and co‐workers, considerable effort has been expended to enhance the versatility and selectivity of these widely used hydride reagents. Whereas diborane exhibits medium reaction large differences exist between sodium borohydride and lithium aluminum hydride. In contrast to the reducing action of sodium borohydride, limited originally to aldehydes, ketones, and acid chlorides, lithium aluminum hydride readily attacks almost all reducible groups. The first progress in bridging this gap in reactivity can be traced to the availability of reagents that are easily prepared by addition of Lewis acids such as boron and aluminum halides to sodium borohydride and lithium aluminum hydride; in this manner diborane, chloroaluminum hydrides, and aluminum hydride have been made accessible as reducing agents. Parallel development led to sodium alkoxyborohydrides with generally higher reactivity than the parent hydride and to alkoxyaluminum hydrides, with markedly lower reactivity and increased chemoselectivity. On the other hand, the reducing capability of sodium borohydride and lithium aluminum hydride has been enhanced by the use of metal salt–hydride systems. A large number of other complex metal hydrides have gained importance as selective reducing agents: lithium aluminum hydride–nitrogen base complexes, sodium cyanoborohydride, lithium cyanoborohydride, sulfurated sodium borohydride, zinc borohydride, diisobutylaluminum hydride, alkylaluminum compounds such as triisobutylaluminum, and tri‐ n ‐butyltin hydride. Sterically hindered organoboranes such as lithium tri‐ sec ‐butylborohydride (L‐Selectride) exhibit excellent selectivity in reduction reactions. High asymmetric induction can be achieved with some chiral organoboranes. Lithium triethylborohydride (Super‐Hydride) is a selective and exceptionally powerful reducing agent. These complex metal hydrides often provide better regio‐ and stereoselectivities than those achieved with alkoxy‐substituted hydrides; nevertheless, the alkoxyhydrides are readily available and continue to be widely used as reducing agents. The purpose of this chapter is to present a critical review of reductions of the following compounds by metal alkoxyaluminum hydrides, alkoxyaluminum hydrides, and chiral metal alkoxyaluminohydride complexes: hydrocarbons, peroxides, ozonides, halogen compounds, unsaturated alcohols, aromatic alcohols, ethers, 1,2‐oxides, aldehydes, ketones, quinones, acetals, and ketals. The literature is covered through December 1981. Important papers that appeared through September 1982 are also reviewed. Some reactions relating to other than reducing properties of these hydrides are included for completeness. The emphasis is on the scope, limitations, and synthetic utility of the hydrides in reduction reactions and on the optimum conditions for their application as reducing agents. Currently accepted views of reaction mechanisms are discussed. Comparisons with reductions by other complex metal hydrides are limited to the most important transformations of the functional groups.
Since the discovery of the reducing properties of diborane (1939), alkali metal borohydrides (1943), and alkali metal aluminohydrides (1946) by H. I. Schlesinger, H. C. Brown, W. G. Brown, and co‐workers, considerable effort has been expended to enhance the versatility and selectivity of these widely used hydride reagents. Whereas diborane exhibits medium reaction large differences exist between sodium borohydride and lithium aluminum hydride. In contrast to the reducing action of sodium borohydride, limited originally to aldehydes, ketones, and acid chlorides, lithium aluminum hydride readily attacks almost all reducible groups. The first progress in bridging this gap in reactivity can be traced to the availability of reagents that are easily prepared by addition of Lewis acids such as boron and aluminum halides to sodium borohydride and lithium aluminum hydride; in this manner diborane, chloroaluminum hydrides, and aluminum hydride have been made accessible as reducing agents. Parallel development led to sodium alkoxyborohydrides with generally higher reactivity than the parent hydride and to alkoxyaluminum hydrides, with markedly lower reactivity and increased chemoselectivity. On the other hand, the reducing capability of sodium borohydride and lithium aluminum hydride has been enhanced by the use of metal salt–hydride systems. A large number of other complex metal hydrides have gained importance as selective reducing agents: lithium aluminum hydride–nitrogen base complexes, sodium cyanoborohydride, lithium cyanoborohydride, sulfurated sodium borohydride, zinc borohydride, diisobutylaluminum hydride, alkylaluminum compounds such as triisobutylaluminum, and tri‐ n ‐butyltin hydride. Sterically hindered organoboranes such as lithium tri‐ sec ‐butylborohydride (L‐Selectride) exhibit excellent selectivity in reduction reactions. High asymmetric induction can be achieved with some chiral organoboranes. Lithium triethylborohydride (Super‐Hydride) is a selective and exceptionally powerful reducing agent. These complex metal hydrides often provide better regio‐ and stereoselectivities than those achieved with alkoxy‐substituted hydrides; nevertheless, the alkoxyhydrides are readily available and continue to be widely used as reducing agents. The purpose of this chapter is to present a critical review of reductions of the following compounds by metal alkoxyaluminum hydrides, alkoxyaluminum hydrides, and chiral metal alkoxyaluminohydride complexes: hydrocarbons, peroxides, ozonides, halogen compounds, unsaturated alcohols, aromatic alcohols, ethers, 1,2‐oxides, aldehydes, ketones, quinones, acetals, and ketals. The literature is covered through December 1981. Important papers that appeared through September 1982 are also reviewed. Some reactions relating to other than reducing properties of these hydrides are included for completeness. The emphasis is on the scope, limitations, and synthetic utility of the hydrides in reduction reactions and on the optimum conditions for their application as reducing agents. Currently accepted views of reaction mechanisms are discussed. Comparisons with reductions by other complex metal hydrides are limited to the most important transformations of the functional groups.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
Contact Info
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Product
Resources
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2025 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.
